György Alexits


Quick Info

Born
5 January 1899
Budapest, Hungary
Died
14 October 1978
Budapest, Hungary

Summary
György Alexits was a Hungarian mathematician with an outstanding research record on geometry and analysis, mainly orthogonal series. His left-wing views meant he experienced great difficulties in obtaining work from 1920 to 1945 but after the Communists came to power in Hungary in 1947 he had major political and mathematical roles.

Biography

György Alexits was the son of György Alexics (Alexi) (1864-1936) and Jolán Víg. György Alexics had been born in Arad on 14 September 1864 to Áron Demeter Alexics, the chief notary of the city of Arad. Arad was then a city in Hungary but, in 1920, it became part of Romania. From 1884 he studied at the University of Budapest, from 1888 he was a teacher in Szolnok then taught in Košice. From 1891 to 1922 he was a teacher at the Eastern Trade Course (later the Academy) but, during this time, beginning in 1897, he was a docent of Romanian language and literature at the University of Budapest. He taught at the University until 1920 but then the Council of the University deprived him of the right to lecture; he retired in 1922. He married Jolán Lustig but we have called her Jolán Víg since her father, Adolf Lustig, was granted permission to change the family surname from Lustig to Víg in 1906. The Alexics were originally an Eastern Greek (originally Serbian) family of Óbecse origin, which settled in Arad at the beginning of the 19th century. György Alexits chose to spell his name with a "t" rather than a "c" to distinguish him from his father.

György Alexits was brought up in Budapest where he attended the Hungarian Royal Teacher Training Institute's High School from 1909 to 1911, then moving to the Budapest I District State High School. He found the mathematics teacher impossible to understand and, being discouraged, did not learn anything. He was told he was likely to fail mathematics at the end of the year but then caught flu and had to spend a considerable time in bed recovering. While he was ill in bed, his father encouraged him to study mathematics and gave him the book Algebra for secondary schools by Gyula König and Manó Beke. Alexits said he began to read the book [24]:-
By the second or third page I had realised that there was nothing to learn, everything was clear. So I went on step by step until I came to equations. There were verbal problems which you had to solve by simple equations. I found it amusing. So it dawned on me that here was something worth learning. [But] you shouldn't take too seriously the enthusiasm of a child on the threshold of adolescence. I was always in mischief, I was a perfect scoundrel. But I was interested in many things. In music, for example. For a long time I had the illusion that I would make a good musician.
He played the piano well and his father introduced him to Béla Bartók which increased his interest in music. His mother, however wanted him to study medicine so, after he graduated from Budapest I District State High School and being an Austro-Hungarian soldier from March 1917, he was able to enrol to study medicine at the Budapest University of Science and Technology. In fact he registered under the name Alexics György Demeter and, although admitted to the Medical School, he also registered for mathematics. He did not attend mathematics lectures but, after four terms, passed the mathematics examinations. This greatly increased his interest in mathematics. Political events now had a major impact on his career.

In March 1919 the First Hungarian Republic collapsed and a communist-led government took over the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Alexits had been a founder member of the Hungarian Communist Party in November 1918 and became a member of the Socialist Student Association on 21 March 1919. The Hungarian Soviet Republic, however, failed to secure Russian military aid and the country was attacked by Romania. On 1 August 1919 the communist-led government resigned, Romanian troops occupied Budapest but left in November when an anti-communist, right-wing government took control. There began a persecution of communists and others with left-wing political views, some were imprisoned while others were executed. For his safety, Alexits fled to Graz, in Austria, and continued his studies at the University of Science and Technology in Graz. He also became a founder member of the Romanian Communist Party.

At the University in Graz he studied theoretical physics but started to read Hans Hahn's book Theorie der reellen Funktionen soon after it was published in 1921. He said [24]:-
But from that moment I could not free myself from this range of subjects. Really, that was how I became a mathematician: I taught myself.
He was awarded a secondary school teacher's diploma in mathematics and physics from the University of Graz in 1924 and, in the same year he was awarded a doctorate for his thesis Ein Theorem über die Laplacesche Differentialgleichung.

In Graz he had become a friend of the Hungarian scholar and writer Antal Szerb (1901-1945) who, like Alexits, began studying at Graz University in 1919. Szerb encouraged Alexits to work on fiction. Together they began writing a story set in a haunted castle in Scotland. György Alexits' idea gave rise to Antal Szerb's well-known novel, The Legend of Pendragon which he published in 1934. In fact Alexits life was chaotic during the 1920s. He explains [24]:-
In 1922, I was allowed to return home at last, but the only advantage I had was that I was not pestered by the police. I could not sit for the examination for a master's degree at the university because, as a founding member of the Socialist Students' Association, I had been expelled from the university. It was only in 1928 that a ministerial amnesty made it possible for me to sit for my exams after attending two semesters. In the meantime, of course, I also had to live, so I did everything under the sun. I was a music critic, an actuary for the Hungaro-French Insurance Company, the Phönix. I spent a year in Romania, because I couldn't earn a living at home. I translated articles for the Schering Pharmacological Factory, I gave private lessons, in short, I did everything that came my way. At last in 1930, when I had already had a teacher's diploma for a year, I was sent to one of the higher elementary schools of Budapest, as a supply teacher paid by the hour. This meant that I was paid only for the lessons which I actually gave. That is Sundays, holidays, Bird and Arbour Day, were all at my expense.
It was on 22 October 1924 that Alexits married Erzsébet Strestik (1902-1997). She had been born in Budapest on 11 June 1902 to János Strestik (1867-1931) and Erzsébet Gyarmathy Gyarmathy (1872-1928).

In [15] the positions that Alexits had from 1924 onwards are listed: calculator at the Labour Pharmaceutical Chemical Factory and insurance mathematician at the National Insurance Institute (1924-1926); mathematics teacher in Giurgiu, Romania, and an assistant teacher at the Mathematics Department of the Ferdinand University of Science in Bucharest (1926-1927); candidate teacher at the High School of the Hungarian Royal Teacher Training Institute in Budapest (1928-1929); teacher at the Kiskorona Street Municipal Boys' School in the 3rd district of Budapest (1929-1930); teacher at the Elnök Street and Knezich Street Municipal Boys' School in the 10th district of Budapest (1930-1931); teacher at the Práter Street Municipal Boys' School in the 8th district of Budapest (1931-1933); teacher at the Rottenbiller Street Municipal Boys' School in the 7th district of Budapest (1933-1935), rector of the Váli Street Municipal Boys' School in the 11th district of Budapest (1935-1939); teacher at the Eötvös József High School in the 4th district of Budapest (1937-1939), rector of the school (1939-1945). In 1937 he became a member of the Eötvös Loránd Mathematical and Physical Society.

It is amazing how Alexits was able to undertake research in mathematics in the second half of the 1920s despite his difficulties in finding work. Between 1926 and 1930 he published ten papers, written in either French of German, and published them in leading journals such as Comptes Rendus, Mathematische Zeitschrift, Fundamenta Mathematicae and Mathematische Annalen. We list these papers in our references, see [1], [2], ..., [10]. Through the 1930s, while he was teaching in secondary schools, he continued to publish research papers with twelve papers appearing in print between 1932 and 1939. Some of these papers were written in German, some in French and some in Hungarian.

In 1940 Alexits obtained his first university post when he was appointed as a docent at the Department of Mathematics of the Ferenc József University of Science and Technology in Cluj-Napoca. After a year he moved back to Budapest when he was appointed to the József Nádor University of Technology and Economics. Of course, this was during World War II and Hungary had entered the war in November 1940, supporting Germany. Alexits was strongly opposed to Nazi Germany and participated in the Hungarian national resistance movement. Erzsébet, Alexits's wife, explained when happened [24]:-
It was the fourth of November 1944, on the day when the Margaret Bridge, undermined by the Germans, was blown up. My husband didn't come home at the usual time. My heart misgave me as I knew he was active in the illegal resistance movement. I took his most recent photograph to the police to see if he was listed as missing. The police official went through a great many papers, made several telephone calls, then strongly advised me not to go on looking for him. I came to know only later that my husband had been carried off by the Gestapo to Dachau.
Alexits was arrested on 4 November 1944 and taken by train to the Dachau Concentration Camp where he arrived on 14 November and was registered as No 124918. He was transferred to Spaichingen where he arrived on 22 November and given No 38418. The Spaichingen concentration camp had only opened in October 1944 and held 300 to 400 political prisoners. Although it only operated for about six months, over 100 prisoners are thought to have died there. In April 1945 the camp closed and the prisoners were marched to Southern Germany and Austria where, by the end of the month, they were liberated by American troops. Alexits returned to Budapest where, in 1945, he was appointed as director of the Gizella Királyné Girls' High School and the Workers' High School in Váci Street, District IV of Budapest.

German troops were forced out of Hungary by the Soviet Red Army in April 1945 and, under Soviet influence, the Hungarian Communist Party began to have a major impact. In 1946 the Kingdom of Hungary officially ended and the Second Hungarian Republic was formed. Hyperinflation made life exceedingly difficult. By 1947 the Communist Party took power, backed by the Soviet authorities. Alexits became Under-Secretary of State for Education on 3 April 1947, became a founding member of the Bolyai János Mathematical Society on 21 June 1947 and, also in 1947 was awarded the silver Hungarian Order of Merit for Freedom. He published two papers in 1947: Elementary school and people's democracy; and Problems of democratising our public education.

During 1947 reforms were being implemented to bring the Hungarian Academy of Sciences under state control. The Hungarian Scientific Council was established in 1948 with Alexits as its Secretary General. In 1948 he also became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and in December 1949, when the Scientific Council was dissolved, he was appointed General Secretary to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was certainly one of the main figures who organised the change in the nature of the Academy. Its political autonomy was abolished, 122 members of the Academy were expelled, and an extensive network of research institutes was established. He was awarded the silver Order of Merit of the Hungarian People's Republic in 1948 and, on 16 July in the same year, became a professor at the József Nádor University of Technology and Economics which was renamed the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in 1949. He continued to work at the University of Technology and Economics until 1967, being head of the Department of Mathematics from 1950 to 1967. Also in 1949 he became President of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society, a role he continued to hold until 1963.

Returning to his role as General Secretary to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1950, we quote from [27]:-
At the beginning of 1950, Academy President István Rusznyák and General-Secretary György Alexits addressed letters to Academician S I Vavilov, president of the Academy of Sciences USSR, reporting the reorganisation of the Hungarian Academy and the desire of its leaders to establish greater liaison between the two academies, In his reply, Vavilov gave every assurance that a long-lasting friendship would be established between the two academies.
In the spring of 1950, a delegation of workers of science and culture of the Hungarian People's Republic went to Moscow. Among them were: György Alexits, general-secretary of the Academy of Sciences; Bruno Straub, member of the Presidium; and Professor Gyorfy, biologist of the University of Budapest. The delegation was received by Academician Vavilov and members of the Presidium, Academy of Sciences USSR.
The visitors were very much interested in questions of the organisation and the planning of scientific research work in the USSR, particularly with respect to the Five-year Plan, the coordination of the activity of the agencies of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the introduction of scientific research work into practice, and the relationship of science and industry. Academician Vavilov answered all of their questions.
The delegation also discussed problems for improving and strengthening the ties between the Academy of Sciences, Hungarian People's Republic, and the Academy of Sciences USSR.
Professor Alexits delivered an address at the V A Steklov Mathematics Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR, where he was received by Academician I G Petrovsky, academician-secretary Department of Physico-mathematical Sciences, and Academicians I M Vinogradov and M V Keldysh. Soviet scientists introduced Professor Alexits to achievements in Soviet mathematical science and also discussed problems for the training of personnel.
Alexits ended his role as General Secretary to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences on 2 December 1950 but served on the Academy's Presidium until 1958. He delivered the lecture The significance of the Lebesgue functions for the problem of convergence of expansions in orthogonal polynomials (Hungarian) to the First Congress of Hungarian Mathematicians held in Budapest 27 August - 2 September 1950. This Congress was dedicated to celebrating the 70th birthdays of Lipót Fejér and Frigyes Riesz.

Alexits was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1951:-
For his investigations in the field of orthogonal series expansions.
Also in 1951, in collaboration with István Fenyö, he published the book Matematika vegyészek számára [Mathematics for chemists]. This book proved very popular with many editions; the sixth edition was published in 1973. The book was translated into German and published in 1962 and also translated into French and published in 1969.

Alexits presented the lecture The Life and Work of János Bolyai at the meeting held on 14 December 1952 of the ceremonial session of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. On the following day, 14 December 1952, he gave the lecture The Influence of Bolyai-Lobachevsky Geometry on the Development of Geometry to the Academy. For a version of the first of these two lectures and an Abstract of the second lecture, see THIS LINK.

Another important book by Alexits was Konvergenzprobleme der Orthogonalreihen (1960) which was translated into English and published as Convergence Problems of Orthogonal Series (1961). For more information about this book, which is still in print, see THIS LINK.

Alexits made several trips abroad as a visiting professor, for example to Argentina at the University of Buenos Aires (1960) and to the United States at the University of Salt Lake City (1965-1966).

In 1967 he left the Budapest University of Technology and Economics and, for the rest of his career, worked as a Head of Department at the Mathematical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He said in 1968 [24]:-
I have nothing to do apart from research. It is a pity, it has come a little late ...
Alexits made important contributions to mathematical research particularly in the areas: harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces; approximations and expansions; history and biography; and sequences, series, summability. Some of his contributions are mentioned in [18]:-
Due to Fejér, Riesz and Alfréd Haar, there is still an important tradition of the theory of Fourier-series, approximation theory and functional analysis. This heritage was continued by György Alexits and Pál Turán, in Budapest, and Béla Szõkefalvi-Nagy and Károly Tandori, in Szeged, who established the domestic schools of approximation theory and functional analysis. ...
...
[In the 1960s] in Hungary, thanks to mainly the works of György Alexits and Károly Tandori, many people were dealing with the convergence and summability problems of general orthogonal series. The monograph of Alexits was published at that time, and it contained the famous deep and subtle divergence constructions of Tandori. ...
...
Alexits and Nikolskii have initiated a series of international conferences on approximation theory and Fourier series.
Alexits spoke about what mathematics means to him and also his love of music in the interview [24] which he gave in 1968; see a version at THIS LINK.

He was awarded the State Prize First Class in 1970:-
For his achievements in the theory of orthogonal series expansions and function approximations, for the development of a Hungarian research school in these areas, and for his internationally successful monograph entitled 'Konvergenzprobleme der Orthogonalreihen'.
He was also awarded the Tibor Szele Memorial Medal in 1976. This Memorial Medal was established by the János Bolyai Mathematical Society in 1970 and is awarded (at most one medal every year) to mathematicians who are outstanding in forming a school of researchers in some field of mathematics.

After he died in October 1978, a funeral was held conducted by Imre Tarján, Department Chair of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, by Ákos Császár, Secretary General of the Bolyai Mathematical Society, and by Károly Tandori, University Professor on behalf of the students. Alexits was buried in the Farkasréti Cemetery in Budapest, noted for containing the tombs of Hungarians who were prominent in the arts and sciences.

The Hungarian Academy of Sciences has honoured Alexits by awarding the György Alexits Prize annually since 1984 to outstanding researchers in analysis. He was also honoured by the János Bolyai Mathematical Society when they organised the Gyorgy Alexits Memorial Conference in Budapest, 9-14 August 1999. The topics of the conference, chosen to fit with Alexits' interests, were: function series; Fourier analysis; summability and expansions; interpolation; and inequalities.



Additional Resources (show)


Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2026