# David Gawen Champernowne

### Quick Info

Born
9 July 1912
Oxford, England
Died
19 August 2000
Budleigh Salterton, Devon, England

### Biography

David Gawen Champernowne's parents were Francis Gawayne Champernowne (born Dartington, Devon, 22 April 1866; died 28 May 1921) and Isabel Mary Rashleigh (born 20 August 1884; died 1969). Francis Champernowne had matriculated at Keble College, Oxford in 1884 and, after taking his M.A., had become a barrister and had returned to Keble College, Oxford as the bursar. He had married Isabel, the daughter of George Rashleigh, of Riseley, Horton Kirby, Kent. David Champernowne, known to all as Champ, was educated at Winchester College, a famous independent school for boys founded in the 14th century. This school provided Champernowne with an outstanding education and his favourite subject at school was mathematics. In 1931 he won a scholarship to study mathematics at King's College, Cambridge and matriculated in the autumn of that year. However, he was already showing an interest in economics and, in the summer before going to Cambridge, he read Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics.

Champernowne was almost exactly the same age as Alan Turing and the two young students both matriculated at the same time to study the mathematical tripos at King's College, Cambridge. They quickly became life-long friends. Champernowne quickly made his mark as a brilliant mathematician and proved some beautiful results which we will now describe. A real number is normal if in its representation as a decimal, any arbitrary sequence of digits of length $t$ occurs, in the limit, $\large\frac{1}{10^{t}\normalsize}$ times. For example, in a normal number, each single digit occurs, in the limit, $\large\frac{1}{10}\normalsize$ of the time. The sequence 12345 will, in a normal number, occur in the limit $\large\frac{1}{10^{5}\normalsize}$ of the time. Champernowne was the first to give simply constructed normal numbers. The easiest of these to define is the number
0.1234567891011121314151617...

which is constructed by concatenating the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, ... after the decimal point.

This number is now known as Champernowne's constant and he published a proof that it is normal is a delightful paper submitted to the Journal of the London Mathematical Society in April 1933.

With such a brilliant start to his undergraduate career, one might have expected Champernowne to carve out for himself a career as a top mathematician. However, one of his lecturers at Cambridge was John Maynard Keynes who quickly spotted Champernowne's potential and interest in economics. He was also influenced by the economist Dennis Robertson (1890-1963) who was working closely with Keynes and also teaching at Cambridge. Advised by Keynes, Champernowne completed his mathematics degree in two years and then embarked on a second degree in economics. From October 1934 his work in economics was supervised by Keynes. He ended up with two first class degrees, one in mathematics and the other in economics.

One has to understand how important new ideas in economics had become around this time. This was a period of unemployment and the Great Depression, which had begun around 1929 in the United States, had hit Great Britain hard from 1930 onwards. Conventional economics could not cope with the extraordinary events which took place leaving traditional economic theory with no answer. Keynes published his most important work, containing the culmination of his ideas, in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935-36). Champernowne had already published a number of small articles on economics but his first major work on economics was a review of Keynes's work which he published in the Review of Economic Studies in 1936 [7]:-
In his review article of 'The General Theory', Champernowne argued that, while Keynes was correct to stress that wage-earners and employers bargained over money-wages at any moment in time, yet it was expected and desired real wages that they had in mind, taking into account their present and expected future circumstances. If in the event the economy did not deliver the real wages they desired, their actions would be directed to achieving them. Therefore, he argued, the observed trend relationship between unemployment and real wages was determined by the latter actions. He analysed how they reacted in the short period if actual wages were above or below the trend, on which what he called the basic wage prevailed.
In November 1936 Champernowne submitted his prize fellowship dissertation Distribution of income between persons to King's College, Cambridge. Keynes had suggested that Champernowne:-
... should search for an explanation of the remarkable degree of conformity with Pareto's law displayed by many statistics of income-distributions published by the taxation authorities of various countries.
However [2]:-
Champernowne went ... far beyond his initial assignment, anticipating for example that progressive taxation brings about a certain downward concavity in what would otherwise be a straight Pareto "line" in its upper reaches, and finding this concavity in British data since 1920.
Harold Lydall explains in [9] that, in his dissertation, Champernowne's:-
... basic assumptions are, first, that each person possesses certain 'qualifications,' such as his inborn ability, education, and property, from each of which he draws an income; and secondly, that his total income from all sources follows a Markov process through time. If the probability distribution of each change has certain characteristics, which are constant over time, the income distribution will converge towards a unique equilibrium as time moves towards infinity. If incomes are eternal - e.g., because both personal and property qualifications are passed on from father to son - observed distributions could be regarded as approximations to this long-term equilibrium, in which the cumulative effect of past random changes dominates the original distribution of qualifications.
In 1936, after graduating, Champernowne had been appointed as an assistant lecturer at the London School of Economics. He spent two years in this position before returning to Cambridge in 1938 as a university lecturer in statistics. A year after he took up this position, World War II broke out. In 1940 he was made a temporary Civil Servant and was assigned to the statistical section of the prime minister's office as an assistant to Frederick Alexander Lindemann, Viscount Cherwell (1886-1957). Lindemann was an excellent physicist but he was a strong supporter of eugenics and held the working class, and various minorities, in contempt. He had, at Winston Churchill's request, set up the statistical section known as 'S-Branch' which daily reported directly to Churchill. Champernowne did not find working for Lindemann easy. Lindemann had proposed saturation bombing of working class areas of German cities and Champernowne showed considerable moral courage to criticise this strategy, both on the grounds that it was not effective and that it was not moral. Champernowne was moved to the Department of Statistics and Programming in the Ministry of Aircraft Production. There he worked under the economist John Jewkes (1902-1988) for the rest of the war.

After the war ended in 1945, Champernowne returned to university positions but not at Cambridge, rather at the University of Oxford where he was appointed as a fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. He was also made director of the Oxford University Institute of Statistics and, at the Institute he met Wilhelmina Barbara Maria Dullaert, known as Mieke, who was working there. She was the daughter of Petrus Ludovicus Dullaert and his wife Mevrouw. The Dullaert family were from Zutphen in The Netherlands. David Champernowne married Mieke on 30 March 1948 in Oxford; they had two sons Richard and Arthur. In the same year of 1948 Champernowne was appointed as professor of statistics at Oxford. As to his research interests at Oxford, he was mainly interested in applying statistical methods to economics. In 1948 he had published the paper Sampling theory applied to autoregressive sequences in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. This paper represented the first serious attempt at the application to time-series analysis of the techniques of Thomas Bayes. Frank Cowell writes [4]:-
While at Oxford Champernowne pursued his pre-war interest in Frank Ramsey's theory of probability: this led to work on the application of Bayesian analysis to autoregressive series at a time when the Bayesian approach was intellectually unfashionable.
Champernowne's friendship with Alan Turing had continued and, after the war, the two began to investigate writing a computer program to play chess. The program, called Turochamp, was described by Champernowne many years later:-
Most of our attention went to deciding which moves were to be followed up. My memory about this is infuriatingly weak, Captures had to be followed up at least to the point where no further captures was immediately possible. Check and forcing moves had to be followed further. We were particularly keen on the idea that whereas certain moves would be scorned as pointless and pursued no further others would be followed quite a long way down certain paths. In the actual experiment I suspect we were a bit slapdash about all this and must have made a number of slips since the arithmetic was extremely tedious with pencil and paper. Out general conclusion was that a computer should be fairly easy to programme to play a game of chess against a beginner and stand a fair chance of winning or least reaching a winning position.
Both Champernowne and Turing were good chess players and Turochamp certainly could not have given them a good game. However, Mieke could not play chess so Champernowne taught his wife the basic moves so that Turochamp might be tested against a total beginner.

Champernowne did not find the University of Oxford as good an environment as he had the University of Cambridge. In fact, he was prepared in 1959 to give up his Oxford chair and return to Cambridge to a lesser position as a Reader in Economics. On his return, he became a fellow of Trinity College. Only after eleven years was he appointed to a personal professorship at Cambridge. In that same year of 1970 he was elected to the British Academy. He held this chair for eight years until he retired in 1978.

In addition his famous mathematics paper and to many articles on statistics and economics which he published in journals, Champernowne published three major books. The first of these is the 3-volume treatise Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics (1969). His second major book is The Distribution of Income between Persons (1973). This is his prize fellowship dissertation of 36 years earlier, with some additions. The third of these major texts is Economic Inequality and Income Distribution (1998) which he wrote in collaboration with Frank A Cowell of the London School of Economics.

Short extracts from reviews of these works are given at THIS LINK

Before this work was published, Champernowne began to suffer the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. In 1995 he moved with his wife to Budleigh Salterton so that he might be near his son Richard. He died of bronchial pneumonia and was buried in the family graveyard in St Mary's Church, Dartington. As to his personality and hobbies we quote from [12]:-
He loved hiking, and at the age of 74 managed to fulfil a lifelong ambition by scaling Sca Fell. Another passion was music; he had been in the choir at both Winchester and King's College, Cambridge. Though shy, he was defiant of authority and orthodoxy, and to the end a schoolboy at heart.
Neville Norman, one of Champernowne's Ph.D. students said (see [7]):-
[He] was completely unselfish ... always wanted to help others. His [writings] were done to advance "economics", or "thinking" rather than himself ... the dominant theme of his life.

### References (show)

1. A B Atkinson, Review: The Distribution of Income between Persons, by D G Champernowne, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) 138 (1) (1975), 111-112.
2. M Bronfenbrenner, Review: The Distribution of Income between Persons, by D G Champernowne, The Economic Journal 84 (336) (1974), 990-991.
3. G F Brown, Review: Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics, by D G Champernowne, Journal of the American Statistical Association 66 (334) (1971), 423-424.
4. F A Cowell, David Gawen Champernowne, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).
5. J Fawthrop, Review: Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics, by D G Champernowne, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician) 19 (3) (1970), 354-356.
6. A S Goldberger, Review: Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics, by D G Champernowne, The Journal of Business 44 (2) (1971), 220-221.
7. G C Hardcourt, David Gawen Champernowne, 1912-2000: in appreciation, Cambridge Journal of Economics 25 (2001), 439-442.
8. M Jantii, Review: Economic Inequality and Income Distribution by D G Champernowne and F A Cowell, Journal of Economic Literature 39 (3) (2001), 910-911.
9. H Lydall, Review: The Distribution of Income between Persons, by D G Champernowne, Journal of Economic Literature 12 (3) (1974), 901-902.
10. P Moyes, Review: Economic Inequality and Income Distribution by D G Champernowne and F A Cowell, Social Choice and Welfare 17 (4) (2000), 749-758.
11. T Piketty, Review: Economic Inequality and Income Distribution by D G Champernowne and F A Cowell, Economica, New Series 67 (267) (2000), 461-462.
12. Professor David Champernowne, The Daily Telegraph (Monday 4 September 2000).
13. Professor David Champernowne, The Times (Friday 25 August 2000).
14. Professor David Champernowne, The Independent (Saturday 26 August 2000).
15. B Reddaway, David Champernowne. Economist who held chairs at both Oxford and Cambridge, The Guardian (Friday 1 September 2000).
16. M Rothschild, Review: Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics III, by D G Champernowne, The Journal of Finance 25 (5) (1970), 1201-1202.
17. Y R Sarma, Review: Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics, by D G Champernowne, Sankhya: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series B (1960-2002) 35 (1) (1973), 123.
18. A F Shorrocks, Review: The Distribution of Income between Persons, by D G Champernowne, Economica, New Series 41 (161) (1974), 468-469.
19. R Stone, Review: Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics, by D G Champernowne, Revue économique 24 (5) (1973), 882-887.
20. R Stone, Review: Uncertainty and Estimation in Economics, by D G Champernowne, The Economic Journal 82 (328) (1972) 1406-1410.