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John Colson

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Born
1680
Lichfield, Staffordshire, England
Died
20 January 1760
Cambridge, England
Summary
John Colson was an English clergyman and mathematician who translated several of Newton's books into Engish.
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Biography

John Colson's was the eldest of his parents six children. His father, Francis Colson, was vicar-choral of Lichfield cathedral and his mother was Elizabeth. The family were closely related to the historian John Strype (1643-1737). John Colson attended Lichfield grammar school and we know from letters from Francis Colson written to John Strype in 1696 that his son John had visited London and called on John Strype but not found him at home. John Colson matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 26 May 1699 but does not appear to have graduated with a degree.

In 1707 Colson published The universal resolution of cubic and biquadratic equations viz. Analytic, Geometrical and Mechanical in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. This was the most original piece of research that Colson produced in his whole career. In the paper he gave a method to solve a cubic equation which was similar to that which had been discovered by several other mathematicians.

Suppose x3+3mx=2nx^{3} + 3mx = 2n. Notice that (a−b)3+3ab(a−b)=a3−b3(a - b)^{3} + 3ab(a - b) = a^{3} - b^{3} so if aa and bb satisfy ab=mab = m and a3−b3=2na^{3} - b^{3} = 2n then a−ba - b is a solution of x3+3mx=2nx^{3} + 3mx = 2n. But now b=mab = \Large\frac m a so a3−m3a3=2na^{3} - \Large\frac {m^{3}}{a^{3}}\normalsize = 2n, i.e. a6−2na3−m3=0a^{6} - 2na^{3} - m^{3} = 0. This is a quadratic equation in a3a^{3}, so it can be solved for a3a^{3} using the usual formula for a quadratic. This gives
a3=n+√(n2+m3)a^{3} = n + √(n^{2} + m^{3}) and b3=−n+√(n2+m3)b^{3} = -n + √(n^{2} + m^{3}).
Now at this point Colson came up with a clever idea that nobody seems to have thought of before this time. He knew that a number had three cube roots, in particular 1 had the cube roots 1, 12(−1+√−3)\large\frac{1}{2}\normalsize (-1+√-3), 12(−1−√−3)\large\frac{1}{2}\normalsize (-1-√-3). He therefore knew that there were three possible values for aa and three possible values for bb. This, however, gave nine possible values for x=a−bx = a - b. Colson tested each of these 9 possible solutions to see if it satisfies the original equation, and was able to identify the three actual solutions. This paper by Colson was the first to give all three solutions to a cubic equation. He then went on the give all four roots of a quartic, again being the first to do so. In the final part of the paper he gives a method to solve cubic and quartic equations using geometric constructions of circles and parabolas.

Colson was appointed as a master at the Sir Joseph Williamson Mathematical School in Rochester, Kent, in 1709. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 11 June 1713 and nominated to the Vicarage of Chalk, in the County of Kent, on 10 September 1724. In 1726 he published another mathematical work in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, namely A Short Account of Negativo-Affirmative Arithmetick. The paper begins as follows:-
The usefulness of this arithmetic consists in this, that it performs all the operations with more ease and expedition than the common affirmative arithmetic, especially in large numbers. And it differs from the common arithmetic chiefly in this, that it admits of negative figures promiscuously with the affirmative, by the sign - placed over them. Thus 
 _  __  _ ___  _
3709286573961472
is one of these numbers, which may be converted into its equivalent common number 2308726432039468, in this manner 
3009006503000470
0700280070961002
----------------
2308726432039468
Colson then goes on to show how to add, subtract, multiply and divide his negativo-affirmative numbers. He ends his paper with a promise of a mechanical device to calculate with these numbers:-
But all these operations, whether in the common decimal arithmetic, or in this here compendiously described; and not only in decimal arithmetic, but in several other species, as duodecimal, sexagesimal, centesimal, etc. all these operations (I say) may be much more easily and readily performed, and with equal accuracy, by an instrument I have contrived called Abacus, or the Counting-Table, which I hope shortly to communicate to the inquisitive in these matters, and by which all long calculations may be very much facilitated. In the mean time this short account of negativo-affirmative arithmetic, in Denary or decimal numbers, may be premised, by way of introduction to the knowledge and use of the said instrument.
Colson was awarded a Master's Degree by the University of Cambridge in 1728 and, on 23 April of that year, he was elected a member of Emmanuel College. In 1736 he published The Construction and Use of Spherical Maps, or Such as are Delineated upon Portions of a Spherical Surface in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. His article begins:-
Geographical maps and hydrographical charts, though they are representations of a convex spherical surface, yet were first delineated upon planes, as being the most easy and obvious, though not the most natural and accurate representations: And they will be sufficiently near the truth when the part of the Earth or Seas to be described is not of a very large extent. Such as these have been usually called chorographical and topographical maps; but when the map is any thing general, or is to contain any large tract of the Earth or Seas, suppose (for instance) one of the four quarters of the World as they are called; then, when they are projected, or represented upon a plane, the parts must necessarily be distorted, one way contracted beyond the truth, another way dilated, so as to give no just idea of the whole.
After explaining the problems this causes in teaching young people, he goes on to describe a method of projecting a spherical surface onto a plane which is "best adapted for conveying just notions to young minds, and for preventing all false conceptions and prepossessions." He ends the paper by describing what he calls the 'British hemisphere':-
... adapted to the meridian and horizon of London, and exhibits one half of the Earth's surface as it lies round about this city ...
Colson continued as master at the Sir Joseph Williamson Mathematical School in Rochester and in 1737 he taught David Garrick (1717-1779) who went on to became a famous actor, producer, dramatist, and poet. In March 1739 Colson left Rochester when he was appointed as Taylor lecturer at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Rouse Ball writes in [3] that Colson:-
... having acquired some reputation as a successful teacher was recommended by Robert Smith (1689-1768), the master of Trinity, to come to Cambridge and lecture there. He had rooms in Sidney, but apparently was not a member of that college ...
In April 1739, the fourth Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge, Nicholas Saunderson, died. There appears to have been only two candidates to fill the vacant Lucasian chair, Colson and Abraham De Moivre. William Cole, the antiquary, wrote [2]:-
[Colson] was a plain, honest man, of great industry and assiduity, but the university was much disappointed in its expectations of a professor that was to give credit to it by his lectures. He was opposed by old Mr De Moivre, who was brought down to Cambridge and created M.A. when he was almost as much fit for his coffin; he was a mere skeleton, nothing but skin and bones, and looked wretchedly ... .
A similar description of his appointment is given by Rouse Ball [3]:-
When a candidate for the Lucasian chair in 1739 [Colson] was opposed by Abraham de Moivre, who was admitted a member of Trinity College and created M.A. to qualify him for the office. Robert Smith really decided the election, and as de Moivre was very old and almost in his dotage he pressed the claims of Colson. The appointment [of Colson] was admitted to be a mistake ...
Cole also describes the time following Colson's appointment [2]:-
He was a very worthy, honest man; an old bachelor when he was first brought to Cambridge through the interest of Dr Smith, master of Trinity College, when he had chambers in Sidney College, and read lectures there in the mathematics. He was an humourist and peevish, and afterwards removed to an house in Jesus Lane, where a sister lived with him very uncomfortably, as their tempers did not suit.
Colson produced no further original mathematics, but did make a number of important translations and assisted in the publication of several texts. Robert Bruen writes [5]:-
His most notable translation is probably that of Newton's work. In 1736, he published an English version of Newton's 'Method of Fluxions and Infinite Series' originally written in Latin. In the same year he also published the English edition of 'Geometrica Analytica' by Newton. Each of these translations contained substantial commentary by Colson. In 1761, an edition of Newton's 'Arithmetica universalis' was published in Latin with Colson's commentary, also in Latin. Colson showed himself to be ahead of his times by his translation of 'Analyitical Institutions' written originally in Italian by Donna Maria Agnesi, a professor of mathematics and philosophy at the University of Bolgna. It was the first book on calculus written by a woman, and Colson intended the translation to make calculus more accessible to women. His manuscript was not published until 1801, forty-one years after his death. He had also prepared a manuscript, with the same idea in mind, called 'The Plan of the Lady's System of Analytics', which still remains in the Cambridge Library.
Although, as we have seen, many consider Colson to be a poor appointment to the Lucasian chair, Johnson [8] is much more positive:-
Few had much good to say of the appointment, and history has been content to see no great worth in it. That valuation may, in my opinion, deserve to be somewhat modified in virtue of his appreciation of the teaching needs of students. Colson had published Newton's (Latin) Fluxions in English, in 1736. Agnesi's volumes afforded him an excellent opportunity to display the value of fluxions and, particularly in Volume 2, he demonstrated many examples of what could be achieved, rendering Agnesi's differentials as Newtonian fluxions ... It seems probable that Colson's two works of translation, of Newton and Agnesi, well served English students at large, and, despite opinions to the contrary, also provided a fluxional tool adequate for research. This is indicated by the papers of the virtually unknown William Moore writing about rocket flight nearly five years before the start of the Cambridge Analytical Society.
Other Mathematicians born in England
A Poster of John Colson

References (show)

  1. Biography by J J Tattersall, in Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004). See THIS LINK.
  2. S E Brydges, Restituta: or Titles, Extracts, and Characters of Old Books in English Literature, revived, Volume 4 (Longman, 1816).
  3. W W Rouse Ball, A history of the study of mathematics at Cambridge (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1889).
  4. J Stedall, From Cardano's Great Art to Lagrange's Reflections: Filling a Gap in the History of Algebra (European Mathematical Society, Zurich, 2011).
  5. R Bruen, John Colson, The Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University. http://www.lucasianchair.org/18/colson.html
  6. J Gascoigne, Sensible Newtonians: Nicholas Saunderson and John Colson, in Kevin C Knox and Richard Noakes (eds.), From Newton to Hawking. A history of Cambridge University's Lucasian professors of mathematics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003), 171-204.
  7. S I B Gray and T Malakyan, The Witch of Agnesi. A lasting contribution from the first surviving mathematical work written by a woman: a commemorative on the 200th anniversary of her death, College Math. J. 30 (4) (1999), 258-268.
  8. W Johnson, Contributors to Improving the Teaching of Calculus in Early 19th-Century England, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 49 (1) (1995), 93-103.

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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update July 2012