Václav Hlavatý
Quick Info
Louny, Northern Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
Bloomington, Indiana, USA
Biography
Václav Hlavatý was born in Louny which at that time was part of the Austrian Empire. In fact his father was a clerk working for the Austrian Empire. The town is on the Ohře River and is near the Ore mountains. He attended the private secondary school in Louny which had been founded in 1896. The main school building was constructed between 1897 and 1899 by the architect Kamil Hilbert. The first class of 16 students graduated in 1902. Hlavatý studied at this school, at which the language of instruction was Czech, and his favourite subjects there were mathematics and music. He graduated from the private secondary school in Louny in 1913 and we should note at this point that in November 1992 the school was renamed the Václav Hlavatý Gymnasium of Louny.After graduating from the private secondary school in Louny, Hlavatý entered the Czech Technical University in Prague in 1913 and after one year of study, in 1914 he entered the Faculty of Philosophy of the Charles University of Prague. His original aim was to study mathematics and musical aesthetics and, although he eventually had a career in mathematics, music was a lifelong hobby; reached a professional level in it, studying it with the concertmaster of the Czech Philharmonic Stanislav Novák. His university studies at the Charles University of Prague were, however, disrupted by World War I. He was conscripted into the Austrian-Hungarian army and sent to fight on the Italian front. When the war started in 1914, Italy was a partner in the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but decided to remain neutral. By the middle of 1915, however, Italy had left the Triple Alliance and joined with France and Great Britain. Hlavatý spent four years in military service. The fighting on the Austrian-Italian border was fierce and he was captured, becoming a P.O.W. in Italy for most the rest of the war. In the spring of 1919 he was released and was able to return to his studies in Prague.
Hlavatý's experiences of war had a major effect on him. He had been brought up in a peaceful area with the joy of the landscape, his music and the theatre. Thrust into the bloodshed of trench warfare where orders were given to men which sent then to almost certain death, Hlavatý became resistant to all violence and he developed a passion to make the world a better and happier place.
In May 1920 Hlavatý was awarded his secondary school teaching certificate in mathematics and in June of the following year he was awarded his doctorate in mathematics having submitted his thesis Plückerův konvid a jeho užití. His thesis advisors were Karel Petr (1868-1950) and Jan Sobotka (1862-1931). While completing his doctoral studies, Hlavatý worked as a mathematics teacher at the gymnasium on Slovenská Street in Prague but transferred to become a teacher at the Louny gymnasium where he had himself studied. Although his career was firmly in mathematics, he continued his interest in music and played in the local quartet, played in various trios, and performed at concerts. He was also a member of the Prague Orchestral Association. In 1923 he returned to Prague where he became a teacher in a secondary school in the Vyšehrad district of the city. In the summer semester of 1923-24, he studied with Jan Arnoldus Schouten at the Technical University in Delft, having arranged leave of absence from the secondary school and being awarded a study scholarship for this visit. Schouten was at this time very interested in relativity and developing tensor analysis.
On 1 October 1924 Hlavatý requested that his habilitation at the Charles University of Prague be considered. He wrote (see [11]):-
The respectfully signed Dr Václav Hlavatý hereby politely requests that he be granted venia docendi at the local university in the field of "higher mathematics with a focus on differential geometry" based on the submitted thesis "Sur les courbes quasi asymptotiques".To his application he attached the following documents: Curriculum Vitae; Copy of doctoral diploma and state certificate; List of lectures for the examination; List of papers including originals; and a List of courses that he would give if the examination was successful. His habilitation thesis was published as [9] which was reviewed by Schouten who writes [21]:-
The quasi-asymptotic curves (Bompiani) Q_{n+1} on a V_2 in V_n considered here are characterised by the fact that the osculating (ν + 1) vector of the curve contains the second direction of the V_2 at every point. The first chapter discusses: the general properties of Q_{n−1} on V_2 in V_n, the n−3 first curvatures of a Q_{n−1} on V_2 in S_n, the (n−2)th curvature, the Q_{n−k} on V_2 in S_n whose (n−k)th curvature vanishes, and the (n−k)th curvature of a Q_{n−k} on V_2 in V_n. On a V_2 in V_n, there is generally only Q_{n−1}, no Q_{n−k}, k > 1. The second chapter deals with the general properties of a Q′_{n′−1}, n′ = n−m+2 on V_m in V_n, the n′−3 first curvatures of a Q′_{n′−1} on V_m in S_n, and the (n−m+1)th curvature. On a V_m in V_n, there is generally only Q_{′n′−1}, no Q′_{n′−k}, k > 1.A Commission set up to consider Hlavatý's application reported on 4 December 1924 [11]:-
Having examined the applicant's scientific activity, the Commission came to the conclusion that the applicant, after initial attempts, very soon worked his way up to an independent conception and processing of mathematical problems. He made extensive use of analogies that are offered in the new theory when comparing it with older results, but was led by them, which must be emphasised, to numerous results for which such analogies are lacking. This is good evidence that he has mastered the new theory well. At the same time, it can be observed - and this will become clear from the analyses carried out - how he gradually works his way up to increasingly general problems. Since his works extend into various branches of geometry and use rather complex analytical tools, it is justified to believe that his mathematical education is otherwise quite extensive and deep. The Commission came to the unanimous conclusion that the applicant meets very well the requirements that must be placed on an associate professor of mathematics, and proposes that 1) the applicant's habilitation thesis be approved, 2) the next parts of the habilitation procedure were moved on.In April 1925 Hlavatý was appointed as a docent in the Charles University. He published many papers around this time including the papers Promítání z přímky na rovinu v prostoru čtyřrozměrném (1923), Promítání z roviny na rovinu prostoru pětirozměrného (1924), and the book Úvod do neeuklidovské geometrie (1926). This book has a Preface by Hlavatý and also a Preface by Bohumil Bydžovsky (1880-1969). For an English translation of both these, see THIS LINK.
Hlavatý was awarded a Rockefeller scholarship which enabled him to make research visits in 1927-29 to the University of Rome, the College de France in Paris, the University of Lille in France and Oxford University in England. He was invited to the College de France by Jacques Hadamard and to Oxford by Oswald Veblen who taught at Oxford in 1928-29 as part of an exchange with G H Hardy. While he was in Oxford, Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA, approached Hlavatý to see if he would accept a professorship there. Hlavatý, however, wished at that time to remain based in Prague. He was an invited speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna in 1928. He gave two lectures, one in Italian and one in French: Il trasporto per parallelismo lungo un raggio di luce; and La théorie générale de la connexion linéaire.
At the Charles University, a process began in 1929 to make him an extraordinary professor and, on 1 April 1931, he was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Philosophy of Mathematics and Geometry.
It was in 1931 that Hlavatý married Olga Neumannová. She had been born on 20 April 1896 in the Czech town of Rajec to František Neumann (1856-1925), the director of the schools in Boskovice, and his wife Marie Soukup. Let us give Olga's details from a 1950 record: she is 5 ft 3 in tall, has a medium light complexion, brown hair and grey eyes. They had a daughter Olga Hlavata (1932-2020) who was born in Prague on 27 December 1932. Her description in 1950, at age 17, is: 5 ft 6 in tall, light complexion, light brown hair, and green eyes. She married the Afghan student Mohammed Baqui Yusufzai (age 27) in Bloomington, Indiana on 23 December 1950. They went to live in Kabul, Afghanistan, where Yusufzai worked in the Department of Research and Statistics, Afghanistan Ministry of Planning.
The proposal to appoint Hlavatý as a full professor at the Charles University was made on 2 May 1933. It was a lengthy process and, on 2 May 1935, he was asked to provide documents about his scientific activities, especially about how his scientific activities were appreciated abroad. He was finally appointed full professor in July 1936.
Hlavatý was again invited to lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians, this time in Oslo in July 1936. He went to Oslo with his wife and at the Congress he delivered the lecture Invariants conformes, géométrie de M Weyl et celle de M König. He gave the following Abstract:-
In this communication, the author has only addressed one application of the problem mentioned above: Given an n-dimensional curved projective space with an n-1 dimensional hypersurface X_{n-1} we need to find a projective normal of order 4 to X_{n-1} and, moreover, the projective connection induced in X_{n-1} by this normal. The normals found (explicitly) form a sheaf whose elements depend only on a numerical constant (cf. the case of a surface in 3-dimensional planar projective space!). We can explicitly construct a single projective normal of order 4, favoured by the fact that it is independent of the aforementioned constant. This normal induces a projective connection in X_{n-1}. If we are dealing with a non-holonomic hypersurface, a method analogous to this one gives us a projective normal of order 3.In the academic year 1937-38, he was invited by Albert Einstein to be a visiting professor at Princeton University in the USA. He sailed from Hamburg on the ship the Manhattan arriving in New York on 1 October 1937. The information he gave on arrival is: height 5 ft 10 in, complexion fair, brown hair, blue eyes. While at Princeton, he was a member of the School of Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study from September 1937 to December 1937.
Returning to Prague in 1938, Hlavatý was plunged into the crisis which led to World War II. By the middle of September 1938, Germany began an undeclared war on Czechoslovakia which led to the Munich Agreement on 20 September which allowed Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia. By March 1939 Germany had taken control of the whole of Czechoslovakia. This did not have immediate consequences for the Charles University and Hlavatý continued to teach and carry out research. In October 1939 he began giving a course which was attended by František Nožička. Nožička writes [18]:-
It was October 1939 when I saw you, Professor Hlavatý, for the first time, at your first state lecture. You had a sarcastic smile and you were strict. However, your eyes gave me peace and you elaborated on my answers in a welcoming depth.On 17 November 1939, however, the occupying German forces closed the Charles University and Hlavatý left Prague with his family and returned to his home town of Louny. For most of World War II, he remained in Louny devoting himself entirely to his research.
In May 1945, with Allied forces advancing on German occupied land, there was an uprising in Prague against the Germans. Hlavatý joined those in Prague constructing barricades against a German counter-attack. These were brutal times with mass killings of Germans and of Czechoslovaks but Hlavatý survived. By June 1945 Soviet troops had entered Prague. Hlavatý and several colleagues, including Vojtěch Jarník and Bohumil Bydžovský, began the task of rebuilding mathematics at the Charles University. Nožička, who had spent the war in a concentration camp, writes [18]:-
I met you after May 1945, during lectures and during the second state examination. Your smile was the same, you were just as strict. People around you told me about your uncompromising, brave stance during the German occupation, about the days and nights you spent on the barricades with a gun in your hand during the May Uprising.At this point Hlavatý had a short political career. He [11]:-
... was a deputy in the Provisional National Assembly, which had a mandate from the summer of 1945 to the spring of 1946. He served as a deputy for only one month, from 10 April 1946, when he took over as a substitute for the deceased deputy for the National Socialist Party, Professor Klecand, until the end of his term on 16 May 1946. During his work in the cultural committee of the parliament, he spoke twice: he proposed the enactment of a four-year university study of statistics and actuarial mathematics, simultaneously at Charles University and at the Prague Technical University... ; he also spoke as a co-author of an interpellation in which he criticised the Minister of Education's school reform.He organised a survey concerning school reform and, based on the results, submitted a proposal to divide school education into three stages: a four-grade primary school; a three-grade municipal comprehensive school with compulsory attendance; and a six-year secondary school (consisting of two-year lower and four-year upper) compulsory for all children who have successfully completed school of the second level. He chose not to stand in the following elections, probably because he was critical his own National Socialist Party for giving in to the Communist Party.
On 25 February 1948 the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took control of Czechoslovakia in a coup with Soviet backing. The only non-Communist in the new government was Jan Masaryk who remained as Foreign Minister. On 10 March 1948, Masaryk was found dead. The official government line was that he committed suicide, while many believed he had been murdered. Hlavatý spent part of the spring semester of 1948 at the Sorbonne but, fearing his life may be in danger after Masaryk was found dead, he decided to emigrate to the United States where he had offers of a professorship. Hlavatý, together with his wife and daughter, finally left Czechoslovakia in late July 1948. The departure date changed several times because of bureaucratic delays and intentional obstacles, but in the end, the Communist government allowed the family to cross the border legally. The family sailed from The Netherlands to New York on the SS Veendam, arriving on 30 August 1948.
Hlavatý was appointed to Indiana University, Bloomington in 1948. Tracy Yerkes Thomas was head of Mathematics Department and among Hlavatý's colleagues were David Gilbarg and Eberhard Hopf. Hlavatý now published in English beginning with the three paper series Affine embedding theory. I. Affine normal spaces; Affine embedding theory. II. Frenet formulae; and Affine embedding theory. III. Integrability conditions. He begins the first of these as follows:-
In a series of papers we shall establish an embedding X_m in a A_n (1 ≤ m < n, n ≥ 3). In this first paper some transformation laws are found which enable us a construction of a connection (which stamps our X_m to an A_m) as well as of higher connections which lead to a well-defined set of affine normal spaces of the A_m.These three papers were the basis for four further papers with title Projective geometrization of a system of partial differential equations which were published in 1950. In 1951 Hlavatý assisted in establishing the "The Journal of Rational Mechanics and Analysis," published by the Institute for Applied Mathematics of Indiana University. For more information about this new journal, see THIS LINK.
By 1952 Hlavatý had seventeen papers in print with his address as Indiana University. In that year he was promoted to a full professorship in Bloomington. Soon after this Hlavatý became famous when he announced that he had solved a set of equations Einstein had produced attempting to discover a Unified Field Theory. The New York Times ran a front page article on 30 July 1953 under the heading Einstein's Cosmos Equations Solved; Czech Refugee Finds Electromagnetism Is Basis of Universe. The story was taken up and shortened versions appeared in numerous newspapers worldwide. You can read The New York Times article at THIS LINK.
Hlavatý continued to develop his work on this topic and published the book Geometry of Einstein's unified field theory (1957). Although the work is mathematically outstanding, it does not provide the physical "theory of everything." Despite much work attempting to produce such a theory, which includes both general relativity and quantum theory, still (in 2026) no such "theory of everything" has been constructed. He described his work in one of his letters [18]:-
The smallest part of the work is taken up by lectures at the university. I lecture on differential geometry, linear geometry, algebraic geometry, the theory of relativity according to my books, something different every year, but it doesn't take up much of my time. More time is taken up by research level lectures, which I am invited to give almost all over America. My foreign students take up even more time ... However, my scientific work takes up the most time. Thank God, I still have something to say in science ...In 1958 Hlavatý obtained his Naturalisation Certificate to become an American citizen. He wrote to a friend in 1965, however, saying [18]:-
I read in the article "Reflections on Gravity" (Aviation, Cosmonautics, 1965) that I am an American physicist of Czech origin. Naturally, I had to be naturalised when my homeland took away my citizenship, but I still feel like a Czech, not an American of Czech origin.Near the end of his life he wrote [18]:-
I took only one thing with me abroad, a souvenir of home: Dyk's poem "The Land Speaks". The mother land ends with the words: "I beg you, as your mother, to protect me, my son! Go, even if you are going to your death! If you leave me, I will not perish! If you leave me, it's you who will perish!" I carried that poem and carry it with me on all my journeys through life, and by reading it I pray to the lost homeland that I left without a fight. So I decided that I would use my work to promote the Czech name. ... I really seek to atone for the sin that I committed in my homeland when I left it. I know that if I had stayed, the fate of death would probably have awaited me, but that is no excuse for an honest person.Hlavatý had worked to promote the Czech name with his mathematical contributions. He had, however, tried to contribute in other ways too. The Council of Free Czechoslovakia had been established in February 1949 to support all those in democratic exile. It quickly began to suffer from disputes between the leaders and Hlavatý tried to bring quarrelling fractions to discussions and also to set reasonable conditions for future coexistence. He made proposals to reorganise the Council, making changes to its statutes, and to establish a better spirit of cooperation. Although his proposals were supported by many leading Czech exiles, they were rejected. Hlavatý, together with Jaroslav Němec, a lawyer and exiled chief military prosecutor, then had the idea to form the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America which they founded in Washington D.C. in 1958. It was non-political and independent, supported primarily by contributions from individuals. Hlavatý became the first president of the Society, serving from 1958 to 1962. In June 1963 he wrote [15]:-
When Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America was founded, my intention was to achieve two things and customise everything to them: 1) strong moral support on behalf of the homeland 2) the recognition of intellectual abilities of our exile at international forums. Unfortunately, others did not share my attitude. It was a disappointment for me. ... I resigned from the Executive Committee of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America a year ago. They did not want to accept my decision.His successor as president was René Wellek, professor of literary theory and criticism at Yale University. Hlavatý wrote to Wellek [15]:-
The Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences in America congress showed to our host country that we do not just beg but we are also able to give. It fulfilled its role as a professional scientific symposium and a valuable social link too. But no such gathering can replace the intellectual connection of those who need the intellectual sustenance regularly, not just once a year ...Hlavatý had a second term as president of the Society holding the post from 1966 to 1968, but by this time he was suffering from poor health and difficult personal problems. His wife Olga described Hlavatý's difficulties [18]:-
He developed a nervous illness from overwork and employment, and perhaps this strain was the basis of his genius. Life was not easy for him, he often succumbed to pessimism, he did not believe in himself, he had to be encouraged or moderated at work, there were always fluctuations. Sometimes he was modest, sometimes self-confident, sometimes very stubborn, unpredictable and headstrong, which was ultimately his misfortune. He was honest, very sensitive and never wanted to hurt anyone, which he often failed to do, and his wit was sometimes cruel! He was immensely popular in society, he was always its centre, an outstanding figure; wherever he went, he had success. Despite all these successes, he was unhappy in his soul and that is perhaps why he also became a believer, not only because of the cosmic greatness he looked into.Hlavatý's wife Olga suffered a heart attack and was severely disabled. Hlavatý looked after her at home but eating too little he lost weight, often fainted and became depressed. Olga was moved to a nursing home where her health improved sufficiently to enable her to travel to Afghanistan to visit their daughter Olga Yusufzai and their four grandchildren. Hlavatý's wife Olga died on 4 September 1966 in Karbul in her daughter's home. Hlavatý lived alone in his house at 525 East Grimes Lane in Bloomington. He had two operations for eye problems, had an abdominal operation, and suffered increasing mental problems. Doctors strongly advised him to rest, but he continued with his mathematical research. Despite these serious health problems, he accepted an invitation from the Pakistan government to help establish a national science institute in Islamabad. He returned to his home in Bloomington in the spring of 1968 and continued his research submitting the paper Classification of Space-Time Curvature Tensor VIb. Complex Basic Characteristics of the Types VI, VII, VIII, XI in August 1968. This was the seventh in his series of papers Classification of Space-Time Curvature Tensor.
Hlavaty was found dead in his Bloomington home on Saturday 11 January 1969. His death certificate states he had been "depressed for months" and had died of suicide from "self-inflicted barbiturate intoxication" taken on 10 January. Many obituaries were published in newspapers; for four of these see THIS LINK.
Perhaps his greatest tragedy was that he was never able to visit Czechoslovakia after he left in 1948. Around 1960 he submitted his first official request to visit Czechoslovakia but this, and many subsequent attempts failed. In 1954, when he was famed internationally, the People's Criminal Court in Prague confiscated his property. He wrote in 1967 [18]:-
Since I arrived, I have sent every book I have published to the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. Not only have they never thanked me (that would be asking too much from people who apparently have no sense of international courtesy), but they have never even acknowledged receipt of what I sent! I must admit that the Prague Academy is the only institution that behaves so rudely ...Only after the fall of the Communist government of Czechoslovakia did he receive honours from his country, being awarded the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1991) and an Honorary Citizenship of his home town Louny (1992).
Let us end with a quote from Banesh Hoffmann from the Preface to [5]:-
His courage, his adventures, his linguistic prowess, his wit, and his charm - these are well known to his friends, as are his formidable mathematical powers and the brilliance of his mathematical technique.
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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2026
Last Update March 2026