Andor Kertész


Quick Info

Born
19 February 1929
Gyula, Hungary
Died
3 April 1974
Budapest, Hungary

Summary
Andor Kertész was a Hungarian mathematician who worked in the theory of Abelian groups, modules and rings. He was also interested in the history of mathematics.

Biography

Andor Kertész's parents were Lajos Kertész (1899-1974) and his wife Mária Nyiri. Lajos taught singing and music at Gyula Primary School and was also a cantor of the Evangelical Reformed Church in Gyula. He was a prominent citizen organizing the cultural life of that small city which is located in the south eastern part of Hungary. Andor had two older brothers, Lajos Kertész (born 1925), who became a pianist, and Gábor Kertész (born 1927), who became an architect. Andor also had one younger brother Attila Ker tész (born 1944) who studied history and became a teacher.

Andor Kertész attended elementary and secondary school in Gyula. Béla Csákány was ten years old when he entered the Roman Catholic Gymnasium "Karácsonyi János" in Gyula in 1942 and there met, for the first time, Andor who was at that time thirteen years old. Csákány writes [1]:-
With some Calvinist classmates we sat in the first days as slightly uneasy newcomers on the benches of the Roman Catholic school, but soon became friendly the "long-established" Andor Kertész, then a 13-year-old. We already knew him by name: he was a son of the local Reformed Church Cantor and had an excellent reputation. "We want you to be also a good student like Bandi Kertész", I was told by my parents when they sent me to the gymnasium. His talent was known throughout the city. For us he was, like for many of his later friends and colleagues, "Bandi" Kertész. He organized us immediately into the so-called "small college" that is, into the group of younger schoolboys of the Reformed Student Union.
Bandi Kertész organised the activities for the boys of the small college. Csákány writes [1]:-
... once a week we came together for two or three hours and he entertained us with games appropriate for our age, with folk songs of various countries and he told us Bible stories with explanation. We proudly wore the mantle of service, the eight-pointed white "Calvin star", the badge of our union. On the vast courtyard of the Reformed Protestant culture house we played the inevitable football and other ball games that we had learned from Bandi. Here I introduced myself to ... Bandi's Bible competitions. Bandi would quote a Bible verse from the New Testament, and whoever was the fastest in finding the place in his own Bible got a point. Weekly he distributed four to five points and the competition - I even won twice - extended over an entire school year.
Although his interests were broad, including music, history, philosophy and literature, Kertész chose to make his career in mathematics. In 1947 he entered Kossuth Lajos University in Debrecen, Hungary, majoring in mathematics, physics and descriptive geometry. During his studies he won several contests in mathematics and was also awarded the Grünwald Géza Commemorative Prize for young researchers from the János Bolyai Mathematical Society for his findings in the fields of group theory and ring theory. His scientific career was substantially influenced by Tibor Szele, one of the most outstanding Hungarian mathematicians, whose personality and achievements attracted Kertész' interest in modern algebra. Besides their professional cooperation, they also became close friends. In the Preface of his book on Artinian rings Kertész remembered his master as follows [4]:-
On completing this book I think with gratitude of my beloved teacher and friend, Professor Tibor Szele. His fruitful mathematical activity and his selfless and humanistic attitude touched me deeply. It was our plan to write a book on Artinian rings together, but his premature death prevented us from doing this.
His first paper On groups every subgroup of which is a direct summand was published in 1951 and in the following year he published four papers, two of which were written jointly with Tibor Szele. His two single author papers published in 1952 were On the decomposability of abelian p-groups into the direct sum of cyclic groups and On fully decomposable abelian torsion groups while the two with Tibor Szele were On abelian groups every multiple of which is a direct summand and On the smallest distance of two lines in 3-space.

Kertész graduated from Kossuth Lajos University in Debrecen in 1952 and continued to undertake research there. In 1953 he married Ilona Tóth (born 1929), a secondary school teacher of history and geography, the oldest of four children of Endre Tóth (1899-1970) and Ilona Pitze (1908-1997). Andor and Ilona had two children, Andor Kertész (born 8 March 1956) and Gabriella Kertész (born 27 December 1959), both of whom went on to be awarded doctorates and become academics. Kertész was transferred to the University of Szeged in 1953. Béla Csákány, who had just begun his studies at Szeged, writes [1]:-
When I was a student in the first year, I went boldly to Bandi's first scientific presentation in Szeged and he rejoiced when he saw me in the back row of the auditorium.
Csákány states in [1] that Kertész was moved to Szeged because Debrecen was known as the "the Calvinist Rome" and there was an attempt to reduce the influence of religion there so Kertész, an active member of the Reformed Church, was sent to Szeged. This move did not last long and soon Kertész was back in Debrecen. A positive aspect to this short stay in Szeged was that he got to know László Rédei who held the Chair of Algebra and Number Theory there.

Kertész defended his thesis entitled Operator modules and semi-simple rings in 1954. However, his advisor and collaborator Tibor Szele died in 1955. After Szele's untimely death at the age of 36, the supervision of Kertész' dissertation in modern algebra was continued by László Rédei, who was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1957 Kertész defended his second dissertation (bearing the title On the general theory of operator modules) and was awarded the degree "Doctor of the Mathematical Sciences" (the highest academic degree in Hungary) at a remarkably young age.

From 1954 he taught at the Institute of Mathematics of the University of Debrecen, where he held the chair of Algebra and Number Theory from 1960 to 1968. He was appointed full Professor in 1963.

In 1958 Béla Csákány went to Moscow to work towards his doctorate advised by Alexandr Gennadievich Kurosh. While he was there, Kertész visited Moscow:-
In Moscow I met Bandi, when he gave a lecture in the famous Algebra Seminar of Kurosh. It was a great honour for me that Kurosh invited even me to eat at his home in the evening where Kertész was also invited and, because he was just ending a visit to Moscow, also the Kiev group theorist Lev Arkad'evich Kaluznin. ... We were greeted by our hosts the Kuroshs and Mrs Kurosh served us their delicious food and equally delicious wines.
Kertész' professional career was significantly shaped by two visiting professorships at the Martin Luther University Halle, East Germany, between 1962-1964 and 1968-1971. He was invited to Halle by Ott-Heinrich Keller, the chair of mathematics at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. There Kertész established a research group for modern algebra which met international standards and attracted numerous disciples who later became renowned scholars at different universities throughout the world. In 1969 he was elected as a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina. In the same year he was awarded the Grand Prize of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences for his book Vorlesungen über Artinsche Ringe. Timon Anderson, in a review of this book which was published in 1968, writes:-
Rather than being a comprehensive account of the theory of Artinian rings, this book is an extremely well-written introduction to the theory of rings, with some applications to Artinian rings. From the pedagogical point of view, what is attractive about this book, besides its clarity, is the large number of exercises following each chapter and the careful development of the more important examples of rings. The development of the theory requires no previous knowledge of rings and it proceeds in the standard way via irreducible modules, the Jacobson radical, and the density theorem for primitive rings. Then the results are sharpened for Artinian rings. Besides the classical Wedderburn theorems, there are discussions of complete reducibility of representations, semi-simplicity of group rings, and projective and injective modules. The treatment of some of the above topics is quite novel.
His intensive scholarly activity undermined his health and he died in 1974 in Budapest.

His main work is his book on Artinian rings, the German edition of which we have just mentioned. Its considerably enlarged English edition entitled Lectures on Artinian Rings was translated by Manfred Stern and edited by Richard Wiegandt with chapters written by Gerhard Betsch, Alfred Widiger and Richard Wiegandt. That 14 years after his death the book appeared and became a standard work witnesses the lasting impact of his findings. In a review of the English edition, Iuliu Crivei writes:-
This book deals with the classical structure theory of associative rings, with special emphasis on Artinian rings. ... The book is self-contained. The presentation is very clear and at the end of each chapter many well-chosen exercises are given.
Kertész also authored a 74-page textbook entitled Einführung in die transfinite Algebra which was published in 1975:-
An interesting and carefully written book, intended for students but containing some results not known to all professional mathematicians, illustrating the use of transfinite methods (chiefly Zorn's Lemma) in algebra.
In the last years of his life he contributed to the historiography of mathematics. He was fascinated by the work of Georg Cantor, the founder of set theory, who had been Professor at the University of Halle for several decades. Kertész made great efforts to pay tribute to the achievements of Georg Cantor and, during his stay in Halle in 1968, he took part in the 50th anniversary celebrations of Georg Cantor's death. After Kertész' death it was Manfred Stern, first a student of Kertész' in Halle and later followed him to Debrecen, who finished his manuscript on Cantor which appeared in 1983 under the title Georg Cantor 1845-1918, Schöpfer der Mengenlehre . Elliott Mendelson writes in a review:-
This monograph is based on a lecture given in 1971 in Halle on the 125th anniversary of Cantor's birth, three years before the author's untimely death at the age of forty-five. The emphasis is on Cantor's set theory, but there is also a very sympathetic survey of his personality and his personal and academic life. There are much more extensive treatments elsewhere ... However, this book is distinguished by some interesting illustrations and, more importantly, by the warmth of the author's appreciation of his subject.
Besides his four books he published 66 papers and more than hundred reviews. He acted as the editor-in-chief of the journal Publicationes Mathematicae and as an advisor of several further periodicals.

His main field of research was modern algebra, and within this, he focused on Abelian groups, the general theory of operator modules, ring theory and set theory, and he achieved significant findings in these fields. For example, his contribution to group theory and infinite Abelian groups have been cited in the standard works by Lazarus Fuchs [Infinite Abelian Groups. 2 Volumes (Academic Press, New York and London, 1970, 1973)]. They have also been applied in the seminal contributions by László Rédei [Algebra (Geest and Portig, Leipzig, 1959)], Ernst-August Behrens [Algebren (BI Hochschultaschenbücher, Mannheim, 1965)], Aleksandr G Kurosh [Gruppentheorie . 2 Volumes (Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1970)], Otto Szász [Über artinsche Ringe , Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci 11 (1963), 351-354, and Radicals of Rings (Akadémiai, Kiadó, Budapest, 1981)], Lev Anatol'evich Skornyakov [General Algebra (Russian). 2 volumes (Nauka, Moscow, 1990, 1991)], Ottó Steinfeld [Quasi-ideals In Rings and Semigroups (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1978)] as well as Barry J Gardner and Richard Wiegandt [Radical Theory of Rings (Marcel Decker, New York, 2004)].

The last words of the Preface to his book on Cantor concisely characterize both his relationship to mathematics and his own personality (see A Kertész, Georg Cantor 1845-1918, Schöpfer der Mengenlehre , Acta Historia Leopoldina 15 (Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, Halle/Saale, 1983), 10):-
Should the reader notice that behind the lines there are confessions of a mathematician who among the different aspects of mathematics highlights especially the humanistic and aesthetic ones, then I will be richly rewarded for my efforts.
He was an extraordinary teacher whose clear, convincing and rhetorically perfect lectures inspired and fascinated his audience. Let us quote just one example in order to illustrate how deeply his students were influenced by Kertész' personal and scholarly impact. Dinh Van Huynh, who published the joint paper Über linksnoethersche Ringe, die linksartinsch sind (1976) with Kertész, writes [5]:-
For me, however, he remained and still remains as a guiding star whose love and excitement about algebra brought and continues to bring light and encouragement to my research work ... At the time when I met him, I felt as if Professor Kertész were an angel sent by God to teach me mathematics. ... I still remember his excitement while talking at length about his joint work with Alfred Widiger describing the structure of Artinian rings for which the Jacobson radical is Artinian as a ring (cf. A Kertész and A Widiger, Artinsche Ringe mit artinschem Radikal, J. Reine angew. Math. 242 (1970), 8-15. After thinking about it for a while I felt that, in the light of the Wedderburn-Artin Theorem, this nice structure theorem could be obtained from a general and natural decomposition of Artinian rings. ... Inspiration stroke me and I finally obtained the desired theorem in 1976 ... Indeed, I could not have thought of creating this theorem without those inspiring conversations while I was under his tutelage. I believe he would have been delighted to learn about my theorem that includes the main theorem from Kertész and Widiger (1970) as a special case. ... In my research career, I often imagine him smiling at me and sharing his delight on my success.


References (show)

  1. B Csákány, Erinnerungen an Andor Kertész, Bolyai-Institut, University of Szeged. http://www.math.u-szeged.hu/~csakany/Pdffiles/Sonderheft.pdf
  2. G István, Unnepi konferencia Kertész Andor egyetemi tanár emlékére, Debreceni Szemle (2009), 61-63. http://szemle.unideb.hu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/323_2014-08-09.PDF
  3. T Kántor and A Kertész, Andor Kertész (1929-1974), Private Communication (September 2016).
  4. A Kertész, Preface, in Vorlesungen über artinsche Ringe (Akadémiai Kiadó - Teubner Verlag, Budapest-Leipzig, 1968).
  5. D Van Huynh, In memory of Professor Andor Kertész, in K Richter (ed.), Erinnerungen an Andor Kertész (1929-1974). Georg Cantor Heft, Sonderheft (Georg-Cantor-Vereinigung der Freunde und Förderer von Mathematik und Informatik an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. E V, Halle/Saale, 2010), 35-36.

Additional Resources (show)


Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update October 2016