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Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh
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Yartsevo (near Smolensk), Russia
Moscow, Russia
Biography
Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh's father was a clerk in a cotton factory. His life became harder at age six with the outbreak of World War I and his family wrote that, despite his young age, Shura (as he was known) followed the events in the newspapers. In the middle of the war, in 1916, Shura entered school, going straight into the third class. After the war Shura's life soon became even harder when, in 1920, his father died of tuberculosis. The family were poor and, in order to survive, Kurosh had to work as well attend school.Kurosh left school at the age of 15 and went to Moscow to take the examinations for the Textile Institute. He achieved very high grade passes in the entrance examinations but was judged to be too young to enter the Institute. He was sent back to his home in Yartsevo where he obtained a job as an accountant. Kurosh never intended to spend his life as an accountant and he studied at evening classes after a full working day. Up to this time, unlike many great mathematicians, he had no particular passion for the subject. His special topic at the evening classes was the stream engine.
In 1924 Kurosh became a student at Smolensk University. It was at this time that his interest moved towards mathematics and he later wrote how he was influenced towards algebra:-
In 1926 Pavel Sergeevich Aleksandrov began to give lectures at the university. ... I attended his lectures on the theory of sets, the theory of functions, and topology. In 1928 I was kept on at the university by Aleksandrov as a postgraduate student. At that time Emmy Noether was in Moscow and gave a course at Moscow State University on abstract algebra, which Aleksandrov attended. Under the fresh impression of these lectures he gave a course on modern algebra at Smolensk. It was then that my scientific interests were formed.In 1929 Kurosh was assigned to the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics at Moscow State University. This was done at Aleksandrov's request since he was by this time in Moscow and wished to continue to supervise Kurosh's work. However, although Kurosh's first results were in topology, solving problems posed by Aleksandrov, he was already interested in the theory of groups. He had read O Yu Schmidt's group theory papers while still in Smolensk so when he found himself able to attend Schmidt's seminar at Moscow State University, his interest in groups increased further. However, after attending Schmidt's group theory course in 1930, he found himself taking over some of Schmidt's duties when he left the university in the autumn of that year.
Kurosh was appointed an assistant at Moscow State University in 1930 becoming a lecturer in 1932 and a professor there in 1937. The professorial appointment came after Kurosh was awarded his doctorate for a thesis entitled Research on infinite groups which he defended on 22 April 1936. It should be mentioned that the doctorate was a much higher degree than the present British/American PhD which compares in level with the Master's Degree in Russia. In 1949 he became a director at Moscow State University where he continued to work throughout his career.
The Chair of Higher Algebra at Moscow State University was created in 1929 and O Yu Schmidt was the first occupant of the Chair. Kurosh was the second holder of the Chair, holding the Chair from 1949 until his death in 1971. Like most Russian academics of that period, Kurosh had a variety of other attachments teaching courses and lectured at a number of other institutions in Moscow.
As mentioned above, Kurosh's first significant results were in topology, solving a problem set by Aleksandrov. Quickly he moved to research in group theory and his first paper on this topic appeared in 1932 on direct decompositions of groups. Shortly after completing this work, Kurosh came across Schreier's papers on free products of groups. Soon he was producing important results on the topic and two papers came out of his work on free products. The second of these papers appeared in Mathematische Annalen and contains a proof of the celebrated Kurosh subgroup theorem, which describes subgroups of a free product of groups. This paper brought Kurosh international fame.
Kurosh is best known for his book The Theory of Groups which was written in two volumes. He completed writing the book in 1940 but the events of World War II prevented publication of the book until 1944. In 1952 Kurosh brought out a second edition of the book which was almost a new book given that it attempted to cover the large amount of progress during the years 1940-52. The book, in the words of Kurt Hirsch who translated the book into English in 1955:-
has been widely acclaimed as the first modern text on the general theory of groups, with major emphasis on infinite groups.The book includes many of Kurosh's own results on groups, in particular the Kurosh Subgroup Theorem mentioned above. However, Kurosh did not spend all his research efforts on group theory. In [1] the progression of his work is described in these terms:-
Gradually, along with papers on group theory, Kurosh began to publish papers on ring theory, linear algebra and lattices; later, also papers on category theory and the theory of multi-operator groups, rings and linear algebras.Some of this work was described in his other famous textbook Lectures on General Algebra published in 1960 which became an internationally famous text. As with The Theory of Groups this text was also translated into English by Hirsch.
During the 1950s he concentrated on Universal algebra and category theory, organising a major seminar on category theory in 1958. Many mathematicians participated in this seminar and it led to the birth of the Moscow School of Category Theory. In his last years Kurosh worked in an area best described in his own words taken from a lecture that he gave in 1970:-
... between the theory of universal algebras and the classical branches of general algebra there exists a big uncultivated space. Research has begun only in a few places, isolated, sometimes random ... One has to expect that it is precisely in this no-man's land where the basic branches of general algebra will move in the next decades. In accordance with the general tendencies of contemporary science ... new objects of study, new theories will appear ... more and more often. To stop this process is impossible, to try to stop it is unreasonable. One can only direct this process.Kurosh's whole life was involved in teaching at all levels from directing the research of young people, to lecturing, to designing new courses. As the authors of [1] write:-
Kurosh belonged to that category of scientists who could not conceive of their creative work without attracting wide circles of youths to science.Not only did Kurosh work with university students but he gave many popular lectures to school children. Twice he organised the Moscow University Olympiads for school mathematics. There were other ways too in which he served mathematics. One way was his long involvement with the Moscow Mathematical Society.
In 1931, while he was still an assistant, Kurosh joined the Moscow Mathematical Society and he was elected to its governing body in 1933, only a year after his appointment as a lecturer. In that year he gave his first lecture to the Society on Fundamental trends in finite group theory. During the years 1943-48 Kurosh served the Society as its Librarian and then for 22 years from 1948 he served continuously on the governing body of the Society. During six of these years he was Vice-President.
References (show)
- P S Aleksandrov, T M Baranovic, O N Golovin and G I Plotkin, Obituary: Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh (Russian), Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 27 (1) (163) (1972), 211-226.
- P S Aleksandrov and V M Gluskov, Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh: on the fiftieth anniversary of his birth (Russian), Uspekhi Mat. Nauk (NS) 13 (1958), 217-224.
- V A Andrunakievic, T M Baranovic, V D Belousov, S D Berman, S D Gluskin, O N Golovin, S T Zavalo, L A Kaluznin, B I Plotkin, L E Sadovskii, L A Skornjakov, D A Suprunenko, L N Sevrin and A L Smel'kin, In memoriam Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh (January 19, 1908-May 18, 1971) (Russian), Collection of articles commemorating Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh, Trudy Moskov. Mat. Obsc. 29 (1973).
- J Hion, Gedenk-Seminar zu Ehren von Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh, Beiträge Algebra Geom. 28 (1989), 27-32.
- V Korinek, Prof. Aleksandr Gennadievich Kurosh has died (Czech), Casopis Pest. Mat. 97 (1972), 107-111.
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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update February 1998
Last Update February 1998