# Heinrich-Wolfgang Leopoldt

### Quick Info

Born
22 August 1927
Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Germany
Died
28 July 2011
Unterlüss, Germany

### Biography

Heinrich-Wolfgang Leopoldt was brought up in Schwerin, the town of his birth, on the south west shore of Schweriner Lake, about 65 km southwest of the city of Rostock. He was studying at the Gymnasium in Schwerin when World War II began in 1939. He continued his secondary education until January 1943 when Germany began the Luftwaffenhelfer programme. This drafted all boys born in 1926 or 1927, which included Leopoldt, into the military where they were supervised by the Hitler youth who began a programme of ideological indoctrination. Members of the Luftwaffe also trained the boys in military duties. After the war in 1945 the future looked very uncertain and Leopoldt decided that his best option was to take up an apprenticeship. However, he was very fortunate that his love for playing music meant that he joined a group one of whom was the mathematics teacher who had taught him in the Gymnasium. The teacher was, of course, already fully aware of Leopoldt's mathematical abilities and he began to teach him the mathematical principles of astronomy. Soon the teacher was encouraging Leopoldt return to the Gymnasium to complete his school education so that he might gain admission to university. Leopoldt took his teacher's advice and went back to the Gymnasium, gaining the qualifications to enter university in 1947. He then enrolled to study mathematics at the Humboldt University in Berlin, matriculating in the autumn of 1947. The authors of [4] write:-
One of the first lecture courses he attended was an introduction to number theory by Helmut Hasse. In his Erinnerungen Leopoldt reports that this lecture had left a deep impression upon him, in particular Hasse's remarks on the relationship between beauty and truth in mathematics, combined with various instances of parallels between number theory and music. This lecture, Leopoldt recalls, led him to study number theory with highest priority. We can observe this dedication to number theory throughout his mathematical work. In the year 1950 Hasse left Berlin for Hamburg and his student Leopoldt followed him there.
Leopoldt was awarded his doctorate in 1954 by the University of Hamburg for his thesis Über Einheitengruppe und Klassenzahl reeller algebraischer Zahlkörper . In his 1952 monograph Über die Klassenzahl abelscher Zahlkörper , Helmut Hasse had proposed a programme:-
... to make the class of absolute-abelian number-fields so accessible, in a systematic and structure-invariant way, that one can work with them just as freely as with the quadratic number fields.
This programme played a major role in Leopoldt's research throughout his career. He explains in [2] the progress that he had made by 1962 following this line of research. His first two publications, appearing before he submitted his thesis, were Zur Geschlechtertheorie in abelschen Zahlkörpern (1953) and Über die Einheitengruppe und Klassenzahl reeller Abelscher Zahlkörper (1953).

Following the award of his doctorate, he was appointed as an assistant in the University of Erlangen. However, he was in the United States during 1956-58 when he had a two-year post-doctoral position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. While in Princeton he wrote the paper Zur Struktur der l-Klassengruppe galoisscher Zahlkörper which studied the class group of an absolute Galois number field. This paper was published in 1958 and [3]:-
... won widespread interest among number theorists - not only because it offered a common background for classically known results about divisibility properties of class numbers, but also since it admitted to obtain much more information of this kind.
In 1959 he received his habilitation at the University of Erlangen after he submitted a Habilitationsschrift in which he studied the structure of the ring of integers in an abelian field K. This extended results obtained by Emmy Noether showing that in a tamely ramified field there exists an integral normal base. Leopoldt was able to prove a modification of Noether's result in the case where the ramification is not tame even though in this case an integral normal base does not exist. In 1962 he was appointed to the University of Tübingen although during the two years he was on the faculty there he spent time as a visiting professor in the United States at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. In 1964 he was offered a permanent position at Johns Hopkins University and he also received an offer of a professorship from the University of Karlsruhe. He made the, quite difficult, decision to accept the offer from Karlsruhe where he was also director of the Mathematical Institute.

It is probably for his discovery of the $p$-adic $L$-functions that Leopoldt is best known although some may say that it is for the Leopoldt Conjecture. The $p$-adic $L$-functions, which are analogues of the Riemann zeta function but whose domain and target are $p$-adic, were introduced by Leopoldt in a joint paper with Tomio Kubota: Eine p-adischeTheorie der Zetawerte: I, Einführung der p-adischen Dirichletschen L-Funktionen (1964). The Leopoldt Conjecture claimed that a collection of linear independent units in a number field $K$ will also be $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$-linearly independent in the $p$-adic completions of $K$. In 1967, Armand Brumer building on results of James Ax in 1965, established the Conjecture for abelian extensions $K$ of the rationals. Preda Mihailescu (2009, 2011) claims to have proved the conjecture, but the status of the proof is still difficult to determine. Mihailescu proved the Catalan conjecture, publishing the proof in Crelle's Journal in 2004, so he has a good record in this area.

Leopoldt's approach to algebraic number theory always tended to be algorithmic and this has led to the development of computer implemented tools [3]:-
A characteristic feature of Leopoldt's work is that he aims at concrete results given by explicit and effective formulas. He competently uses and investigates abstract structures, but such considerations serve him as motivation only, as guideline towards the goal of explicit algorithms. To a large degree his results were obtained by extended numerical computations. This attitude led him quite early to develop computer programs for the use in algebraic number theory. His team in Karlsruhe was one of the first in Germany which systematically developed the necessary algorithms for this project, also in cooperation with Hans Zassenhaus.
Among Leopoldt's service to mathematics we should mention that he was an editor of the Journal of Number Theory from 1969 to 1987. Another important contribution was being one of the two editors (the other being Peter Roquette) of the Collected Works of Helmut Hasse. This was published in 1975. He had been invited to lecture in Marburg on 8 December 1972, at a meeting to celebrate the Goldenes Doktorjubiläum of Hasse.

Peter Roquette describes Leopoldt's personality in [3]:-
Leopoldt's personality can be characterized as quiet, unassuming, always willing to hold back his own in favor of supporting the cause. His firm and objective counsel in scientific matters, always to the point, was valued by all who had to deal with him. His lectures stood out by their clarity and intensity. He was known as a master in exposition. The list of his publications is not large but his work belongs to the pearls of mathematical research in the last century.
Among the honours he received, we mention his election to the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences in 1979. The article [1] is his inaugural lecture to the Academy delivered on 31 May 1980, in which he outlines the course of his life and his work in algebraic number theory, in particular describing the influence of his teacher, Helmut Hasse, in detail. After Leopoldt retired from his professorship at the university of Karlsruhe, he moved to the village of Unterlüss about 28 km north east of Celle. There he devoted his last years to his favourite hobby, namely music. He played the piano to a high standard and he got great pleasure from his playing. He died following a long illness at the age of almost 84 years. He was survived by his wife and five children.

### References (show)

1. H-W Leopoldt, Antrittsrede von Herrn Heinrich-Wolfgang Leopoldt, Jbuch. Heidelberger Akad. Wiss. 1980 (1980), 67-70.
2. H-W Leopoldt, Zur Arithmetik in abelschen Zahlkörpern, J. Reine Angew. Math. 209 (1962), 54-71.
3. P Roquette, Heinrich-Wolfgang Leopoldt: 22.8.1927-28.7.2011 (29 December 2011).
4. P Roquette and D Goss, Heinrich-Wolfgang Leopoldt (22.8.1927-28.7.2011), J. Number Theory 132 (7) (2012), 1641-1644.