### Quick Info

Born
21 January 1915
Belaya Tserkov, Ukraine
Died
30 June 1972
Leningrad, USSR (now St Petersburg, Russia)

Summary
Yuri Linnik was a Ukranian-born mathematician who worked on number theory, probability theory and mathematical statistics.

### Biography

Yuri Vladimirovich Linnik's father was Vladimir Pavlovitch Linnik (1889-1984) who was working as a schoolteacher when his son was born. However, Vladimir Pavlovitch moved to Leningrad (St Petersburg before 1914 and now St Petersburg again) in 1926 when appointed to the State Institute of Optics. In 1933 he was appointed a professor at Leningrad State University, and in 1946 he was appointed to the Pulkovo Observatory. He made major contributions to optics by designing optical instruments and, like his son, Vladimir Pavlovitch was elected to the USSR Academy of Sciences. Yuri's mother, Mariya Abramovna Linnik, was a schoolteacher.

After studying at secondary school in Leningrad, Yuri Vladimirovich worked as a laboratory assistant for a year in 1931 before starting his university training. Then, in 1932, he entered Leningrad University to study physics but, after studying for three years, he transferred to the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics at Leningrad State University. He made this move since, in his own words from his autobiography, he felt:-
... an irresistible bent for higher arithmetic.
He graduated in 1938 but, having already begun research as an undergraduate into quadratic forms, he remained at Leningrad State University. He undertook research for his doctorate with Vladimir Tartakovski, who had been a student of Boris Delone, as his advisor. However Linnik's studies were interrupted by World War II for the in winter of 1939-40 he was called up for military service. He only served for a short while as a platoon leader in the Soviet Army before being discharged in the spring of 1940. Returning to Leningrad State University, he submitted his thesis Representation of Big Numbers by Positive Ternary Quadratic Forms and, due to the high quality of the work, he was awarded the higher degree of D.Sc. in Mathematics and Physics. In the same year he joined the Leningrad branch of the Steklov Institute for Mathematics as soon as it was founded in April 1940 and began working there. However, the German armies were approaching Leningrad and Linnik volunteered to serve in the People's Guard to defend the city. Soon he was involved in the fighting on the Pulkovo Hills, battling against the advancing German troops. In September 1941 the Germans began the siege of the city of Leningrad. Linnik was taken ill with dystrophy, almost certainly the result of malnutrition, and discharged from the army. Because of the war, the Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences had been moved from Moscow to Kazan, with the Leningrad branch also evacuated there, so Linnik was sent to Kazan. This almost certainly saved his life for the siege of Leningrad lasted 872 days to January 1944. Millions of the citizens died of starvation during the siege, so Linnik, given his poor physical condition, would almost certainly have perished.

After the siege of Leningrad ended in early 1944, Linnik was able to return from Kazan to Leningrad. He was appointed as professor of mathematics at Leningrad State University in addition to his position in the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Leningrad which he had continued to hold in Kazan, and was able to resume in its proper location. He worked in Leningrad for the rest of his life organising the chair of probability theory there and founding the world famous Leningrad school of probability and mathematical statistics.

His main research topics were number theory, probability theory and mathematical statistics. In [2], 240 of Linnik's research papers are listed, as well as a list of 40 notes and articles on the history of mathematics. A list of 69 of his coauthors is also given. See also [5] for lists of his publications. Clearly with such an extensive publication record all we can do in an article such as this is to give some indication of his work.

He introduced ergodic methods into number theory in his first work on the analytic theory of quadratic forms. In a 1941 paper he introduced the large sieve method in number theory. By the "large sieve", which was Linnik's own term, he meant the operation of eliminating some residue classes modulo $p$ from a given set of integers where as $p$ increased so, possibly, did the number of classes. His motivation for introducing the method was to attack Vinogradov's hypothesis concerning the size of the smallest quadratic non-residue $n_{p}$ modulo $p$. Vinogradov had conjectured that $n_{p}$ was $O(p^{e})$ for any $e > 0$. Linnik, using his large sieve method, was able to show that the number of primes $p < x$ for which $n_{p} > p^{e}$ is $O(\log \log x)$. Linnik's large sieve proved highly significant and was further developed by others including Alfréd Rényi in 1950, Klaus Roth in 1965, Enrico Bombieri in 1965 and Harold Davenport and Heini Halberstam in 1966. The large sieve method led Linnik to study Dirichlet's $L$-functions. Density theorems had been used from the 1930s to study primes and he generalised these theorems to $L$-functions. From this he was able to produce a whole series of papers proving powerful arithmetical consequences, including a variant of the Goldbach Conjecture.

After his early concentration on number theory, from 1947 onwards Linnik embarked on a deep study of probability. From that time on he undertook research in three areas, namely probability, mathematical statistics and the analytic theory of numbers. Perhaps the remarkable power of his work came from the fact that he was able to use ideas from each of these areas in his work in the other two. In 1950 he introduced the concepts of probability into number theory and introduced the dispersion method in number theory. He devised the dispersion method to attack additive problems in number theory of binary type. He collected much of his work in this area into the monograph The dispersion method in binary additive problems, first published in Russian in 1961 with an English translation appearing two years later. The book demonstrates the power of the dispersion method:-
... for treating certain types of problems in additive number theory which have previously resisted all attacks.
Later Linnik made major contributions to probability with his work on limit theorems and was the first to use powerful techniques from analysis in mathematical statistics. The authors of [7] write:-
In 1948-49 Linnik obtained results which contained, in principle, a complete solution to two central problems in the theory of the summation of variables forming a Markov chain. One of these, raised by Markov, the creator of the theory of chains, was: to find the conditions for the application of the integral limit theorem to the case of a singular chain. The first papers on this were by Markov and S N Bernstein. Linnik substantially improved and developed the methods of his predecessors and gave an almost definitive solution of the problem for an inhomogeneous chain with an arbitrary finite number of events. The second problem concerned the conditions under which the local limit theorem for lattice type variables forming a chain holds. An important feature of the method used in this paper, which was largely responsible for its success, is the use of arguments from the study of trigonometric sums in the theory of numbers.
Linnik also solved the Behrens-Fisher problem and many other difficult problems of mathematical statistics. He wrote many papers on the decomposition of probability laws and again collected his results into a monograph Decompositions of probability laws first published in Russian in 1960. A French translation appeared in 1962 and an English one in 1964. Later developments were explained in the monograph Decompositions of random variables and random vectors which Linnik wrote with I V Ostrovskii and published in 1972 (English translation 1977). Another important book which he published was Ergodic properties of algebraic fields (1967). Linnik wrote in the Preface:-
The use of ergodic methods in metrical number theory is well known; part of the latter theory is essentially a special case of general ergodic theorems. In this book a different application of the ergodic concepts is given. Constructing 'flows' of lattice points on certain algebraic varieties given by systems of integral polynomials, we can prove in some cases individual ergodic theorems and mixing theorems. These theorems allow one to obtain asymptotic expressions for the distribution of lattice points on these varieties and to arrive at results which are not accessible by the usual methods of analytical number theory. Typical in this respect is the theorem on the asymptotic distribution and the ergodic behaviour of the set of lattice points on the sphere $x^{2} + y^{2} + z^{2} = m$ with increasing m. For the present it is not known how to obtain simple and geometrically clear theorems on the distribution of the lattice points on the sphere by other methods. The systems of diophantine equations studied by these methods and the flows of lattice points introduced by these methods are closely related to the behaviour of the ideal classes of the corresponding algebraic fields.
Also in 1967 Linnik published Leçons sur les problèmes de statistique analytique which came about as the result of a series of lectures he had given in the previous year at the Institut de Statistique of the University of Paris. These lectures concentrated on applications of the theory of functions of one and several complex variables to the theory of similar tests and unbiased estimation. An English version of these lectures was published in 1975. Linnik wrote other important texts including Characterisation Problems in Mathematical Statistics (jointly with A M Kagan and S R Rao) which appeared in Russian in 1972 with an English translation appearing in the following year. The authors write in the introduction:-
Many problems of statistical theory have the basic property that some special distributions have important properties that allow a reduction of the initial problem to a simpler one. It is natural to ask whether such a reduction makes complete use of the particular nature of the distribution family. Thus the question of characterizing the basic distributions of mathematical statistics arises.
Given the amazing success which Linnik had in introducing new mathematical areas, it is interesting to see his advice on how one might achieve this [7]:-
Linnik often liked to say that when starting a new area of research one should select in it a difficult and neatly formulated problem: in trying to solve it, new problems will crop up and the problem itself will serve as a touchstone for the methods being used. This would lead step-by-step to the creation of a theory and of general methods.
One has to feel that Linnik did not fully appreciate the strength of his own outstanding talents if he though that others following this route would lead to them making similar breakthroughs. It is interesting to know more about his personality, and we first turn to the authors of [4] who write:-
Yuri V Linnik possessed a lucky ability to attract talented disciples. He skilfully directed them to the study of problems which were both difficult and important for the development of science. As a director of studies, Yuri V Linnik was generous in giving both ideas and advice, always having time for working discussions with his disciples and colleagues. At the same time he was exigent, awaiting with interest those results which, in his opinion, were bound to be a success. An relations with his disciples, Yuri V Linnik was solicitous not only as a teacher, but also as a senior colleague, trying to be helpful also in everyday life, when necessary.
We learn a little more from the amazing range of Linnik's interests and skills outside mathematics as described in [4]:-
His many-sided endowments were astonishing: he was greatly interested in belle lettres, especially poetry and memoirs, as well as in history, especially military history. He spoke seven languages fluently and wrote witty poetry in Russian, English, German and French.
Linnik received many honours, including being elected to the International Statistical Institute, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1964, and to the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He received a State Prize in 1947 and a Lenin Prize in 1970. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Paris. He was elected as the first president of the Leningrad Mathematical Society when it was founded in 1959, a role he filled for six years, and he was also elected to the Leningrad City Council. Two volumes of his works in number theory have been published (1979-1980), the first subtitled The ergodic method and L-functions and the second L-functions and the dispersion method. A volume has also been published of his work on Probability theory (1981) and on Mathematical statistics (1982).

### References (show)

1. I Ibragimov, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). See THIS LINK.
2. T G Fursa and I A Ibragimov, Academician Ju V Linnik : A biobibliography (Izdat. Otdel Biblioteki Akad. Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 1975).
3. N G Cudakov, Reminiscences about Ju V Linnik (Russian), Number theory: collection of studies in additive number theory, Kuibysev. Gos. Ped. Inst. Naucn. Trudy 158 (1975), 3-4.
4. D K Faddeyev, S M Lozinsky and A V Malyshev, Yuri V Linnik (1915-1972) : a biographical note. Collection of articles in memory of Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik, Acta Arith. 27 (1975), 1-2.
5. T G Fursa and A V Malyshev, Bibliography of scientific works of Yu V Linnik. Collection of articles in memory of Jurii Vladimirovic Linnik, Acta Arith. 27 (1975), 11-35.
6. I A Ibragimov, S M Lozinskii, A V Malysev, V V Petrov, Ju V Prohorov, N A Sapogov and D K Faddeev, Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik : obituary (Russian), Uspehi Mat. Nauk 28 (2)(170) (1973), 197-213.
7. I A Ibragimov, S M Lozinskii, A V Malysev, V V Petrov, Ju V Prohorov, N A Sapogov and D K Faddeev, Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik: obituary, Russian Mathematical Surveys 28 (1973) 197-215.
8. I A Ibragimov, A V Malysev and V V Petrov, Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik on his fiftieth birthday (Russian), Uspehi Mat. Nauk 20 (2)(122) (1965), 221-236.
9. I A Ibragimov, Yu V Linnik. Some of his work from the 1950s (Russian), Algebra i Analiz 3 (3) (1991), 206-215.
10. I A Ibragimov, Yu V Linnik. Some of his work from the 1950s, St Petersburg Math. J. 3 (3) (1992), 687-696.
11. Iurii Vladimirovich Linnik, Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk 20 (1965), 229-236.
12. Iurii Vladimirovich Linnik, Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk 28 (1973), 210-213.
13. Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik (Russian), Teor. Verojatnost. i Primenen. 17 (1972), 535.
14. A M Kagan, Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik (1915-1972) (Russian), Math. Operationsforsch. Statist. 4 (1) (1973), 3-6.
15. A M Kagan, Yurii Vladimirovitch Linnik, SankhyaSer. A 35 (3) (1973), 253-274.
16. A M Kagan, How important it is to understand sufficient statistics: the history of my acquaintance with Yurii Vladimirovich Linnik (on the 90-th anniversary of the birth of Yu V Linnik), Vestnik St Petersburg Univ. Math. 38 (4) (2005), 25-27.
17. A Laurincikas, Yu V Linnik and his large sieve method, Fiz. Mat. Fak. Moksl. Semin. Darb. 8 (2005), 76-80.
18. A V Malyshev, Yu V Linnik's works in number theory. Collection of articles in memory of Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik, Acta Arith. 27 (1975), 3-10.
19. P A P Moran, Obituary : Yu V Linnik (1915-1972), J. Appl. Probability 10 (1973), 244-246.
20. Yu V Nesterenko and Ya Yu Nikitin, Scientific conference dedicated to the memory of academician Yu V Linnik, Vestnik St Petersburg Univ. Math. 38 (4) (2005), 1-3.
21. R Rao, Academician Linnik - a personal note, SankhyaSer. A 35 (3) (1973), 275-276.
22. S V Vallander, I A Ibragimov, O A Ladyzenskaja, S M Lozinskii, G I Petrasen, V V Petrov, I V Romanovskii, V I Smirnov and D K Faddeev, Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik (1915-1972) (Bulgarian), Fiz.-Mat. Spis. B'lgar. Akad. Nauk. 15(48) (1972), 244.
23. S V Vallander, I A Ibragimov, O A Ladyzenskaja, S M Lozinskii, G I Petrasen, V V Petrov, I V Romanovskii, V I Smirnov and D K Faddeev, Jurii Vladimirovii Linnik (Russian), Vestnik Leningrad. Univ. No. 13 Mat. Meh. Astronom. Vyp. 3 (1972), 146-147.
24. A I Vinogradov, A brief sketch of the scientific, pedagogical, and public activities of Yu V Linnik (Russian), Zap. Nauchn. Sem. S.-Peterburg. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. (POMI) 322 (2005), Trudy po Teorii Chisel, 5-9.
25. A I Vinogradov, A brief sketch of the scientific, pedagogical, and public activities of Yu V Linnik, J. Math. Sci. (N. Y.) 137 (2) (2006), 4609-4611.
26. Yurii Vladimirovich Linnik (1915-1972) (Russian), Mat. v Shkole (5) (1982), i.