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Jules Antoine Lissajous
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Versailles, France
Plombières, France
Biography
Jules Lissajous entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1841. In 1847 he became professor of mathematics at the Lycée Saint-Louis, holding this position until 1874. He was awarded a doctorate in 1850 for a thesis on vibrating bars using Chladni's sand pattern method to determine nodal positions. In 1874 Lissajous became rector of the Academy at Chambéry, then in the following year he was appointed rector of the Academy at Besançon.Lissajous was interested in waves and developed an optical method for studying vibrations. He wanted to be able to see the waves that were created by vibrations, usually expressed in the form of sound. At first he studied waves produced by a tuning fork in contact with water, studying the ripples that were caused. Working on these ideas, he published Sur la position des noeuds dans les lames qui vibrent transversalement Ⓣ (1850). In 1855 he described a way of studying acoustic vibrations by reflecting a light beam from a mirror attached to a vibrating object onto a screen. He published Sur un cas particulier de stéréoscopie fourni par l'étude optique des mouvements vibratoires Ⓣ (1856), then his major work Mémoire sur l'étude optique des mouvements vibratoires Ⓣ (1857) which is an 85 page paper. In the following year he published Sur les vibrations transversales des lames élastique Ⓣ.
Jean-Marie Duhamel had tried to demonstrate these vibrations with a mechanical linkage but Lissajous wanted to avoid the problems caused by the linkage. He obtained Lissajous figures by successively reflecting light from mirrors on two tuning forks vibrating at right angles. The curves are only seen because of persistence of vision in the human eye. Lissajous studied beats seen when his tuning forks had slightly different frequencies, in this case a rotating ellipse is seen. Perhaps he gained greatest fame through the quality of his lectures and fortunately we have a detailed description of one of his famous lectures by John Tyndall who had been named as Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution in 1853. The description below is by Taylor [3], with quotations from Tyndall:-
Lecturers at the Friday Evening Discourses [at the Royal Institution] come from many parts of the world and it is worth recording one particularly memorable evening that was reported by John Tyndall. It was a visit by Jules Antoine Lissajous to the Royal Institution in 1857.Duboscq, who assisted Lissajous in this demonstration, himself invented the Bioscope, a viewer for showing moving 3-dimensional pictures. Twelve or more pairs of photographic images were placed around a cardboard disc, the images of each pair arranged one above the other. The pictures could be viewed through two small angled mirrors. It had only a limited sale - in fact only one viewer is known to have survived. Lissajous was very impressed by the clever idea contained in this instrument but doubted that it was a commercial proposition:-
Lissajous had exhibited his experiments on the combination of oscillations before the Societé d'Encouragement and before the French Emperor [Napoleon III] himself. Tyndall was intrigued by the demonstrations and planned to repeat them, but when Lissajous was consulted he offered to come to London himself. Tyndall reported the details of the lecture and records that, at the beginning of the lecture, Lissajous: "... congratulated the audience on the presence of M Duboscq who took charge of his own electric lamp; this being the source of light made use of on this occasion."
The demonstration began with a 'sheaf of light' thrown from the lamp on to a mirror held in the lecturer's hand; when he moved the mirror quickly he could produce a ring of light on the ceiling and various other figures, thus illustrating the persistence of vision that is an essential feature of many of the remainder of the demonstrations. He then performed a number of experiments demonstrating what we now know as 'Lissajous figures'.
For example he attached a small mirror to one prong of a tuning fork and arranged for a beam of light to be reflected from this mirror on to the hand held mirror.
When a violin bow was drawn across the fork the image elongated itself to a line. By turning the mirror in the hand, the image upon the screen was resolved into a bright sinuous track many feet in length.
He then went on to show various combinations of oscillations including the one most commonly associated with his name in which the light falls first on a mirror attached to one tuning fork and then to a mirror on a second tuning fork placed so that the oscillation given to the light beam is at right angles to that given by the first.
He also demonstrated his 'phonoptomètre'. This was a microscope in which the objective was attached to a tuning fork so that it could be made to vibrate along a particular direction. If some other vibrating object, such as a string, was viewed through the microscope so that the two oscillations were at right angles, the frequency ratio between that of the fork and that of the object under test could be established with considerable precision.
At the conclusion of this beautiful series of experiments, which, thanks to the skill of those who performed them, were all successful, on the motion of Mr Faraday, the thanks of the meeting were unanimously voted to M M Lissajous and Duboscq and communicated to those gentlemen by his Grace the President, The Duke of Northumberland.
This apparatus which is particularly remarkable because it represents the solution to a difficult problem, has, unfortunately, no chance of being sold in quantity, since the number of pictures need is very considerable: not less than 32 pictures are required.Actually the minimum number was 24 but perhaps there were 16 pairs in the only ones that Lissajous saw. Although Lissajous was right about this particular apparatus, of course the method of sequentially showing still pictures was adopted for motion pictures on film.
Lissajous was praised by his contemporaries for his work and awarded the Lacaze Prize in 1873 for his optical observation of vibration and, in particular, "for his beautiful experiments". Perhaps it is entirely fair that "his beautiful experiments" were a major factor in the award of the prize since Lissajous figures had been investigated forty years earlier by Nathaniel Bowditch. He had produced them in 1815 with a compound pendulum and, because of this, sometimes the figures are referred to as Bowditch figures or Lissajous-Bowditch figures. We should note, however, that Lissajous' work was entirely independent of that of Bowditch.
Quickly Lissajous figures became a standard topic in physics texts and demonstrations. The experiments were exhibited at the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1867. We have noted above John Tyndall's discussion of Lissajous's experiments, and he described them in detail in his acoustics text. Lord Rayleigh also discussed Lissajous figures in his classical treatise on acoustics. Hermann von Helmholtz used Lissajous' instruments in his study of string vibrations.
Perhaps today it is Australians are most familiar with Lissajous figures since the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) has used such a figure for its logo since 1965. If Lissajous had produced this logo in a demonstration he would have needed to use two tuning forks at right angles, one vibrating three time as rapidly as the other.
References (show)
- S C Dostrovsky, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). See THIS LINK.
- Prix Lacaze, physique, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 79 (1874), 1607-1610.
- C A Taylor, The Art and Science of Lecture Demonstration (CRC Press, 1988), 50-54.
Additional Resources (show)
Other websites about Jules Lissajous:
Cross-references (show)
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update December 2008
Last Update December 2008