Antoine Meyer


Quick Info

Born
31 May 1801
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
Died
29 April 1857
Liège, Belgium

Summary
Antoine Meyer was a 19th century mathematician who wrote important works on integration and probability. He is also famed for his poetry written in Luxembourgish which is still relevant today in debates about the Luxembourg language.

Biography

Antoine Meyer was the son of Hubert Meyer (1768-1829) and Elisabeth Kirschenbilder (1771-?). Before we give any further details, let us address the question of Antoine Meyer's year of birth. It is given by some authors as 1801 and by others as 1803. For example [13], written in 1860, gives 1801 while [10], written in 1869, gives 1803. To add to the confusion, Lucien Godeaux gave 1801 as the year of Antoine Meyer's birth when he addressed the 72nd Session of the French Association for the Advancement of Science in 1953 [6] but, three years later, gave 1803 in the Notices [5].

For an English translation of the paper [5], see THIS LINK.

For an English translation of the paper [6], see THIS LINK.

Of ten national libraries that hold books by Antoine Meyer, six give 1801 while four give 1803. No paper we have seen discusses the two dates and only the French Wikipedia article on Antoine Meyer mentions that both dates occur in papers written shortly after his death. We have chosen to give 1801 since it seems the more likely of the two when considering his age at which he began his university studies.

Let us give some details concerning Antoine Meyer's family. His father, Hubert Meyer, was the son of Pierre Meyer (born 1742) and Marie Everling Hansen. He became a shoemaker and married Elisabeth Kirschenbilder who had been born in Sanem, a commune and town in south-western Luxembourg, on 13 December 1771 a daughter of Dominique Kirschenbilder and Antoinette Hornek. Hubert and Elisabeth Meyer had four children, Antoine Meyer (born 1801, the subject of this biography), François Meyer (born 1804), Anne Marie Meyer (born 1805), and Anne Elisabeth Meyer (born 1808). They lived in the centre of Luxembourg old town close to the Place d'Armes. After his primary education near his home, in 1812 Antoine began his studies at the Athénée de Luxembourg. One of his teachers at the Athénée was Heinrich Stammer (1785-1859) who ran the student poetry circle Polyhymnia. Antoine was a member of Stammer's Polyhymnia and developed a great love for poetry. He was a brilliant student in all his courses at the Athénée, particularly excelling in mathematics. He graduated from the Athénée in 1818 and later that year began his studies of mathematics at the University of Liège.

Meyer's family were of modest means and not in a position to support their son financially through university. Alphonse Le Roy explains in [10] how he was supported:-
A large number of Luxembourgers were then attending the University of Liège: they clubbed together to have him come to them. He rewarded them by becoming in some way the centre of their meetings, which he enlivened with his witty conversation and his talent for improvising, in the dialect of his country, verses on all sorts of subjects. He soon began to provide for his needs by giving private lessons and taking charge of writing the catalogue of science books in the academic library.
Meyer continued his studies at the University of Liège undertaking research for a doctorate in mathematics. He wrote the thesis De maximis et minimis which was published on 29 November 1823 but he did not present himself for examination at this time but rather decided to go to Paris to continue to attend the courses of the world leading mathematicians who lectured there. He travelled to Paris in 1824 and enrolled in courses at the Sorbonne and the Collège de France. He made the journey to Paris with only enough money to get him there. To earn enough to live he had to undertake manual work, but also made money through private tutoring. He barely had enough money to live on and certainly could not buy the books he wished to study. He managed, however, to visit the stalls of the open-air booksellers where he would read the books that he could not afford to buy. Although we do not know which mathematicians Meyer met in Paris, we note that Joseph Fourier, Pierre Laplace and Siméon-Denis Poisson were there when Meyer visited and, given Meyer's mathematical interests, it would be surprising if he had not attended their lectures.

In 1826 he left Paris and returned to Luxembourg where he was appointed as a professor at the Collège Royal d'Echternach, where Jean Engling (1801-1888) was his colleague. With only these two professors, Meyer had to teach Latin, Greek, Dutch, German, and mathematics. He spent two years at this College, then in 1828 was appointed as professor of mathematics at the Military School of Breda which was only just opened. Breda, like Liège, was at this time in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands but in August 1830 the Belgium Revolution began which would lead to Belgium becoming an independent country. Meyer left Breda in the early days of the Belgium Revolution and, in 1831, he was appointed as a Professor of Mathematics at the College of Louvain.

Although Meyer was being employed as a professor of mathematics, he was publishing poetry works. The first to appear was E Schréck op de Lëtzebuerger Parnassus with a Preface dated 4 September 1829. John Bellamy writes [17]:-
His poetry collection, "E Schréck op de Lëtzebuerger Parnassus" , written entirely in Luxembourgish (including metalinguistic comments), spans 53 pages and is regarded as a founding work of Luxembourgish literature. The book begins with a four-page foreword outlining eleven points on Luxembourgish spelling and pronunciation to facilitate reading the poetry. The collection finishes with a nine-page afterword consisting of comments on Luxembourgish, including further guidance on grammar and spelling. Meyer's use of Luxembourgish for metalinguistic commentary marks this work out as unique amongst contemporary works that have sections on Luxembourgish to contextualise their literary material. ... Although Meyer's work did not initially receive much resonance or praise, the pioneering nature of the work cemented his status as a founding figure in Luxembourgish literature. The earliest ideas for a Luxembourgish spelling outlined by Meyer in this text are predominantly to facilitate reading the poetry in his collection, which is traditionally considered the first "true" work in Luxembourgish.
Shortly after completing the Preface on his book, on 16 September 1829, he married Catherine Kuborn (1810-1857) in Luxembourg. Catherine was the daughter of Jean George Kuborn (born 1784) and Elisabeth Meyer (1791-1813).

In 1832 he published in Louvain under the title of Jong vum Schreck op de Letzeburger Parnassus , a second pamphlet of eighteen pages of new poems also written in Luxembourgish. Although his works on Luxembourgish poems are now considered important, at the time they received little attention with Meyer complaining that only 37 people had ordered his 1832 pamphlet.

Meyer continued to teach mathematics, and in 1832 he decided to complete the formalities require for his doctorate and he defended his 1823 thesis De maximis et minimis in Liège on 16 June 1832. Later in 1832 he took up a new position of Professor of Mathematics at the Institut Gaggia in Brussels, where he prepared students for the Military School. The Institut Gaggia had been founded by P-J Gaggia, an emigrant from Brescia in Lombardy, but from 1829 had been run by a Commission consisting of two members of the State Council together with Adolphe Quetelet, director of the new Brussels Observatory. While working at the Institut Gaggia, he wrote Quelques développements d'analyse combinatoire which was published in 1838. He introduces his own notation giving his reasons in a Preface which begins:-
In this pamphlet I use some notations different from those that are ordinarily followed. However, I beg the reader not to believe that it is through a vain desire to innovate unnecessarily that I have deviated a little from other authors; I have done so with the aim of simplifying and symmetrising my formulas. Moreover, one will see, by examining these notations, that they are almost always founded on the very nature of things; I mean that they recall to the mind a fundamental property of the operation or quantity that they designate. It is with this intention that I represent the sine by \subset and the cosine by \supset. For, by bringing these two signs together they form a whole circle, each of which, as a half, is the complement of the other. This circumstance is therefore proper, as we see, to fix in the mind the known property, that the sine of an arc is equal to the cosine of its complement. The use of these two elementary signs presents yet another advantage: it is that by combining them suitably and with slight alterations, we make them suitable for representing the other trigonometric lines, without removing, for that, from these combinations, the character which must always preside over the use of a good notation, and which consists in ensuring that the sign always recalls a property of the thing signified. ...
In 1834, in addition to his position at the Institut Gaggia, he was appointed Professor of Analysis and Mechanics at the École Royale Militaire, which had just opened in Brussels. After the Belgium Revolution of 1830, tension had remained between Belgium and the Netherlands and Belgium decided it needed well-trained military officers which led to the establishment of the École Royale Militaire. While at the Military School, he became interested in geodesy and collaborated with Quetelet's assistant and cartographic officers in making triangulations and he then reduced the the data. He would incorporate some of results he obtained in books he wrote in 1844 and 1845 which we mention below.

Meyer had moved frequently and must have felt that his appointment to the École Royale Militaire would give him a settled career where he could undertake mathematical research. Sadly, this was not to be. Claude-Auguste Neyen writes [13]:-
.. when one day he was busy presenting on the board a problem of higher mathematics, having before his eyes the manual that he had to follow and to which the regulations of the school obliged the teachers to conform in their teaching, he noticed that the author only gave an imperfect solution to the question and threw the book away; then he explained to his students a better method, which was his own.
E Bède writes [2]:-
The act was all the more serious because the author of this book existed and occupied a high position in a neighbouring country. M. Meyer was required to apologise; he replied with his resignation, and when he was asked where he intended to go after having thus renounced his only means of existence: "under the blue sky," he said, "it will not be the first time."
He had to wait before he got another job but in 1838 he was appointed to the chair of higher mathematics at the Free University of Brussels. This university had been founded in 1834 as the Free University of Belgium in the aftermath of Belgium becoming independent. It only became the Free University of Brussels in 1842. In addition to his appointment at the Free University of Brussels, Meyer was appointed as a computer at the Ministry of War. On 2 April 1839 he became a Belgium national.

In 1841 he published Nouveaux éléments de mathématiques pures giving his affiliation as "Employé au Dépot de la Guerre, Professeur de Mathématique a l'Institut Gaggia et a l"Université Libre." This work on arithmetic was the first volume of a series of books which Meyer was intending to publish covering a broad range of mathematics but a change of Ministry caused Meyer to lose the support on which he was counting. In 1842 Meyer gave the course Leçons de trigonométrie rectiligne at the war depot, by order of General Joly; it was published in 1843. In the following year he published the book Leçons de trigonométrie sphérique , being a course given at the war depot, especially for staff officers attached to Colonel Trumper's division. The Preface to this second work begins:-
These lessons were written to serve as a text for the course in spherical trigonometry that Colonel Trumper, director of the war depot, had instructed me to give last winter to the staff officers attached to his division. I thought it necessary to publish them as a follow-up to my lessons in rectilinear trigonometry, of which they form the necessary complement.

Without restricting myself to making all the propositions of the spherical depend solely on a single principle, following the example of Lagrange, I indicated in the remarks the possibility of this unitary deduction, by each time linking the propositions demonstrated by various principles, to the fundamental theorem of spherical trigonometry. This way of expounding the principles of science seemed to me to be the only way to reconcile the simplicity and ease of demonstrations, with the uniformity and scientific value of the method.

The reader will doubtless also see with pleasure the constant correlation that I have established between the formulas of the two trigonometries, a correlation that has provided me with a fairly simple means of giving mnemonics to the relations of spherical trigonometry, in particular those which relate to the various cases of the resolution of right triangles.
In 1845 he published Cours de géodésie and also another work of poems in Luxembourgish Luxemburgische Gedichte und Fabeln written in collaboration with Heinrich Gloden. Gloden (1804-1894) had, like Meyer, attended the Athénée de Luxembourg, where he had been influenced by Heinrich Stammer. The book provides a grammatical introduction as well as explanations of certain dialect words and expressions. Alphonse Le Roy writes [10]:-
Meyer's verses, full of originality and humour, are unfortunately intended only for a restricted public, the Luxembourg dialect offering difficulties to the Germans themselves. Indifferent to his own fame as much as heedless of the future, Meyer wrote only to relax, and addressed himself only to his compatriots: however, the curious who would like to appreciate the supple talent and sparkling spirit of the poet, and to initiate themselves at the same time into the mysteries of the language of our neighbours, will find, thanks to Meyer himself and to his friend M Gloden, their task considerably facilitated ...
Meyer was appointed to the University of Liège in 1849 to occupy the chair of Mathematical Analysis. This had become vacant in 1847 when Jean-François Lemaire (1797-1852) retired and became emeritus. At this time appointments of professors were made by the Minister of the Interior and so Meyer was appointed by Charles Rogier, the minister responsible for Public Education. Lucien Godeaux writes in [5] that this decision by Rogier was a brave one since Meyer, with his independent character, had made many enemies who wrote to the minister with their complaints. Charles Rogier, however, was confident of Meyer's qualities as a mathematician and as a teacher. He began teaching the Course on Differential and Integral Calculus, the Course on Higher Analysis and the Course on Calculus of Probabilities. Godeaux writes [5]:-
As soon as he arrived in Liège, Meyer took care of the publication of his courses and of research of a higher order. His volume on the theory of definite integrals and that relating to the calculus of variations reproduce part of the course of higher analysis that he gave at the University of Liège. These are works written for students, the examples abound. They attest that the author was well aware of the issues addressed and that he knew how to present them clearly ...
To read more of Godeaux's Notice for Antoine Meyer, see THIS LINK.

Meyer's two most important books are Exposé élémentaire sur la théorie des intégrales definis (1851) and the posthumous work Cours de Calcul des Probabilites fait a l'Universite de Liege de 1849 a 1857 (1874). He begins the Preface to the first of these two books as follows:-
When I was charged, some time ago, with a course in higher analysis at the University of Liège, beginning this teaching with a series of lessons on definite integrals, I was not slow to realise that, in the absence of any manual, lessons on these subjects, given orally, would hardly be appreciated by the students, because of the difficulty they have in taking sufficiently accurate notes. This reason, together with the high usefulness of the course, led me to publish the text of my lessons; and here I must thank the Royal Society of Sciences of Liège, which was kind enough to help me, in this enterprise, with its disinterested patronage.

If, limited by financial resources, I have not been able to include, within the framework of my work, the development of all definite integrals, at least, by setting out the essential methods for determining their values, I have chosen those of these quantities which are most frequently encountered in applications. Prevented, by the nature of my work, from setting out the properties of the functions and L which M Goudermain introduced into analysis, I regret having been forced to omit a fairly extensive method, based on the passage from hyperbolic functions to circular functions.

Moreover, it is less the development of the integrals themselves that I had in mind, in writing this summary, than to coordinate the various theories which relate to these values, and to give an elementary, sufficiently extensive exposition of them. For this purpose, I have divided my work into six books: the first contains the general principles on the formation and transformation of definite integrals; the second relates to the various methods of determining their values; the third gives the theory of arbitrary functions expressed by periodic series, and of multiple integrals; the fourth is devoted to the theory of Euler's transcendents, and mainly to gamma functions; the fifth makes known the principles for the reduction of multiple integrals; and finally the sixth deals with the integration of partial differential equations using definite integrals.
The book Cours de Calcul des Probabilites fait a l'Universite de Liege de 1849 a 1857 was published 17 years after his death. Marie-Françoise Jozeau writes in [8] (see also [9]):-
After 1838, having achieved a stable position, he wrote a dozen textbooks. These were original, and written in simple and precise language; furthermore, Meyer was quick and accurate in his calculations, which were carried out with great ability. His lectures on probability were published only many years after his death, in 1874 by F Folie, based on the author's manuscripts, as the "Cours de Calcul des Probabilites fait a l'Universite de Liege de 1849 a 1857" (F Hayez, Brussels). This work, given the relative dearth of treatises on probability at the time, created something of a stir, and was translated into German in 1879 by Emanuel Czuber under the title "Vorlesungen aber Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung" . It contains a thoroughly researched account of the theory of errors.
F Folie writes in the Preface to Meyer's book:-
This book by Meyer is a very complete summary of the most important works of Daniel Bernoulli, Abraham de Moivre, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Siméon Poisson, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Johann Encke, Iréneé-Jules Bienaymé ... on the calculus of probabilities. One might well suggest that there does not exist a broader treatise on the subject, except for Laplace's "Theorie analytique des probabilites" ... .
The years Meyer spent at the University of Liège were in many ways his most productive but they were difficult years since his health was poor. He suffered from gout and struggled to carry out all his duties despite his heath problems. He died in 1857 at the age of 55 after a particularly severe attack of gout.


References (show)

  1. Antoine Meyer, Geneanet (2025).
    https://gw.geneanet.org/jeankirsh?lang=de&n=meyer&p=antoine
  2. E Bède, Antoine Meyer, Annales de l'Enseignement public 1 (1857), 359-364.
  3. C Bergmans, Notice sur A Meyer, Biographie Nationale de Belgique XIV (1897), 765-773.
  4. A Gloden, La vie et l'oeuvre scientifique de neuf mathématiciens belges d'origine luxembourgeoise, Themecht Zeischrift für Luxemburger Geschichte 1 (1949), 13-16.
  5. L Godeaux, Notice sur Antoine Meyer Membre de l'Académie, Notices biographiques 1956 (Académie Royale de Belgique, Brussels, 1956), 2-15.
    https://academieroyale.be/Academie/documents/MEYERAntoineARB_19568372.pdf
  6. L Godeaux, Quatre Mathématiciens Luxembourgeois, Professeurs à l'Université de Liège, Proceedings of the Luxembourg Congress. 72nd Session of the French Association for the Advancement of Science (July 1953) (1953), 548-551.
  7. R Hilgert, Antoine Meyer, Luxemburgensia (2004).
    https://web.archive.org/web/20041028065642/http://www.land.lu/html/dossiers/dossier_meyer/meyer_index.html
  8. M F Jozeau, Anton Meyer, in C C Heyde, E Seneta, P Crépel, S E Fienberg and J Gani (eds.), Statisticians of the Centuries (New York, 2001), 148-151.
  9. M F Jozeau, Anton Meyer, Encyclopedia of Mathematics (2025).
    https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Meyer,_Anton
  10. A Le Roy, Antoine Meyer, Liber Memorialis. L'Université de Liège depuis sa fondation (Carmanne, 1869), 438-446.
  11. A Meyer, 'Melusina', Oilzegt-Kläng (H Dessain, Liège, 1853), 85-90.
  12. R Muller and T Reuter, Antoine Meyer, Le Dictionnaire des auteurs luxembourgeois (2025).
    https://www.autorenlexikon.lu/page/author/389/3896/FRE/index.html
  13. C-A Neyen, Antoine Meyer, Biography Luxembourgeoise (1860), 454-458.
    https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Biographie_luxembourgeoise_Supplément/HUJaOgtaNOEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq="antoine+meyer"
  14. P Péporté, Constructing the Middle Ages. Historiography, Collective Memory and Nation-building in Luxembourg (Brill, 2011).
  15. P Péporté, Inventing Luxembourg Representations of the Past, Space and Language from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century (Brill, 2010).
  16. F Thyes, Essai sur la poésie luxembourgeoise (Leopold Classic Library, 1854).
  17. J Bellamy, Codification in the shadow of standards: ideologies in early nineteenth-century metalinguistic texts on Luxembourgish, Language & History 67 (3) (2024), 225-246.
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17597536.2023.2300211?af=R#abstract

Additional Resources (show)

Other websites about Antoine Meyer:

  1. Hathitrust (Calcul des probabilitiés)
  2. zbMATH entry

Cross-references (show)


Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2025