Boleslav Kornelievich Mlodzeevsky
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Moscow, Russia
Moscow, USSR
Biography
Boleslav Kornelievich Mlodzeevsky, whose name is often written Bolesłav Młodzejowski, was the son of Kornely Yakovlevich Mlodzeevsky (1818-1865). The Mlodzeevsky family is one of the twelve noble families of Poland, belonging to the royal clan "Korab". Kornely Mlodzeevsky was born on 21 September 1818 in Tulchin, Bratslav district, Podolsk province, Russian Empire. This was a time when, following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, it had been divided between the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Tulchin had originally been part of Poland but had been in the Russian Empire since 1793. Kornely Mlodzeevsky studied at the Lyubarsk district school and the Vinnitsa gymnasium before entering the Vilnius Medical-Surgical Academy in 1838. After two years he went to Moscow and graduated from the medical faculty in 1842. After ten years working in the therapeutic clinic department of the faculty he became an extraordinary professor and, from 1862, an ordinary professor in the department of special pathology and therapy at Moscow University. In 1863-1864, he headed the therapeutic clinic but in 1865 he retired due to illness. He died on 21 September 1865 when his son Boleslav Kornelievich was seven years old.Boleslav Kornelievich was born in the building of the Moscow University clinic, located at that time on Rozhdestvenka, where his father worked. After the death of his father, however, life for Boleslav Kornelievich became difficult. He tried to avoid becoming involved with the problems of day-to-day living the family found themselves in and his way of doing this was to spend many hours reading the books from the large library that his father had built up. In 1868 he entered the 2nd grade of the Moscow 5th Gymnasium [1]:-
At the gymnasium, Boleslav Kornelievich immediately stood out for his talent and interest in his studies. His mathematical talent showed up very early, but, along with mathematics, he was interested in all subjects and, by the way, became an expert in ancient languages and a connoisseur of classical literature.In 1876 he graduated from the Moscow 5th Gymnasium with a gold medal and, later that year, he entered the Mathematics Department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow University. He attended courses given by some excellent mathematicians and scientists. For example he took courses delivered by Vasily Yakovlevich Zinger, August Yulevich Davidov, Nikolai Vasilievich Bugaev, Feodor Alekseevich Sludskii (1841-1897), Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov (1839-1896), and Fyodor Aleksandrovich Bredikhin (1831-1904). Sludskii had a wide range of interests including descriptive geometry, mechanics, geophysics and number theory. Stoletov was a physicist who worked on ferromagnetism and discovered of the laws and principles of the outer photoelectric effect. Bredikhin was an astronomer who had been appointed professor at Moscow University and from 1873 was director of the university's observatory. His main interest was in comets and, in particular, he wanted to understand the nature of their tails. Boleslav Kornelievich was particularly influenced by Zinger who quickly realised that he was a highly talented student. The two began with a student-professor relationship but this developed steadily into a friendship that lasted until Zinger's death in 1907.
In 1880 Mlodzeevsky submitted the candidate's thesis Classification of plane curves of the 3rd order; he was awarded the degree and remained at Moscow University working towards his habilitation and an eventual professorship. There were two steps in this process, first he had to obtain a Master's Degree and then a doctorate (equivalent to the habilitation or, in standard, to the D.Sc.). The first step, the Master's Degree, was itself a two step process, the first being examinations on advanced courses, the second being a thesis. Mlodzeevsky passed the necessary examinations in 1883 and continued to undertake research for the thesis.
In 1885, before he had defended his Master's thesis, he became a docent in the Mathematics Department of Moscow University and began lecturing at the university. The first course he taught was a special course on the synthetic theory of conic sections. At this time he also taught secondary school pupils at the Usachevsko-Chernavsky school. This school began in 1827 when the merchant Chernyavsky donated his house and capital for the benefit of poor women with children. A second benefactor, the merchant Usachev, gave his house to the project in 1833 and the school was founded. It moved to a building on Maroseyka in 1859 and from that time was named the Usachevsko-Chernavsky school. Mlodzeevsky taught at this school for twenty years.
In 1886, Mlodzeevsky defended his Master's thesis, Investigations into the Bending of Surfaces. In this work, he was the first to derive the general differential equation for bending of surfaces. The thesis was published in the Scientific Notes of Moscow University in 1886. He submitted the 6-page paper On the Envelope of Orbits under Newtonian Attraction which was read on 19 November 1886 and published in the Moscow Mathematical Collection in 1887. In 1890 he successfully defended his doctoral thesis, On Manifolds of Many Dimensions which had been published in the Scientific Notes of Moscow University in 1889. This thesis contains an application of the methods involving the theory of differential parameters, which he had developed in his Master's dissertation, to manifolds of many dimensions. He published the paper On the determination of the orbits of double stars in 1890 which presented a new, simple method for determining the orbits of double stars, with this method being based on the solution of a simple geometric problem.
Four months after defending his doctoral thesis, Mlodzeevsky left for an extended visit to leading mathematical centres abroad. He spent eighteen months in visiting Zurich, Paris, and Göttingen. When in Paris he wrote the paper Sur la déformation des surfaces Ⓣ which was published in the Bulletin des Mathématiques in 1891. He found the Göttingen visit particularly useful, particularly the courses he attended by Felix Klein and Hermann Schwartz. Soon after returning to Moscow, in February 1892, Mlodzeevsky was appointed as an extraordinary professor in the Mathematics Department of Moscow University.
One of the first courses that Mlodzeevsky taught was a course in analytical geometry for first-year students. This was an important course which proved highly successful in developing the mathematical skills of students setting out on their studies. He also taught advanced courses and with these he was able to choose the topics that he taught. For example he taught the courses "Theory of functions of a real variable", "Set theory", "Differential geometry of surfaces", "Theory of analytic functions", "Integration of differential equations", and "Geometric foundations of fine art". In fact his courses on the theory of functions of a real variable and on set theory were the first courses on these topics to be taught at Moscow University.
We mentioned above that from the beginning of his career, Mlodzeevsky taught at the Usachevsko-Chernavsky school. This, however, was not the only interest he took in the teaching of mathematics at secondary school level for he was for a time the chairman of the Mathematical Department of the Pedagogical Society, and then one of the organisers and the permanent chairman of the Moscow Mathematical Circle. Teaching at the Usachevsko-Chernavsky school was not his only efforts to give good education to women for he became very involved in the Higher Women's Courses. These courses had been founded by Vladimir Ivanovich Guerrier, a professor of history at Moscow University, in 1872 after being approved by the Russian Minister of Education, Count Dmitry Andreyevich Tolstoy. In 1886, the Ministry of Education prevented the admission of new students to Guerrier's courses, and they ended in 1888. In 1900 the name Moscow Higher Women's Courses was instituted. Mlodzeevsky began teaching these courses from 1900. Together with his colleague Aleksei Konstantinovich Vlasov (1868-1922), who was an expert on geometry and had been a student of Zinger, Mlodzeevsky introduced seminar style teaching into the Higher Women's Courses. This was a new approach to teaching in Russia and was soon adopted by Moscow University. Other institutions where Mlodzeevsky taught at times during his career were the Moscow Engineering School, the Karl Marx Institute of National Economy, the Military Pedagogical Academy, and the Academy of Social Education.
Mlodzeevsky played a large role in the Moscow Mathematical Society. The Society was founded in 1864 and in 1885, when August Yulevich Davidov was president of the Society, Mlodzeevsky was elected as a member. In 1891 Nicolai Vasilievich Bugaev was elected as president of the Society and, at the same time, Mlodzeevsky became the secretary. He continued to hold the position of secretary when Nicolai Vasilievich Bugaev was elected president in 1903 and also when Bugaev's former student Pavel Alekseevich Nekrasov (1823-1924) became president in 1905. In 1906 Mlodzeevsky was elected as vice president of the Society when Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky was president and, in 1921, after Zhukovsky's death, he was elected president. Dimitri Fedorovich Egorov writes that Mlodzeevsky [2]:-
... read a total of 66 reports at the Society's meetings. He was not only an excellent speaker, but also an irreplaceable, if one can put it that way, listener to other people's reports: he grasped the essence of the matter unusually quickly and almost always made a number of interesting comments, and sometimes additions to the report.On 5 February 1910, Mlodzeevsky was given the title of Distinguished Professor at Moscow University. His career to that point had been extremely successful but the crisis that Moscow University endured in 1911 had a devastating effect on him. Let us relate details of this crisis by quoting from the excellent account in [4]. After 1910:-
... there was a paradoxical juxtaposition of growing government concern for education with a major crisis in state-university relations. While the government reiterated its preference for technical higher education, the professoriate pressed its claim that the universities should be the centrepiece of the nation's system of higher education. Meanwhile the government showed little regard for the professoriate's prerogatives as it initiated a ruthless campaign to suppress student unrest, which revived after Leo Tolstoy's death in November 1910. The result was a major crisis epitomised by the mass resignations of the Moscow University faculty in 1911 and mass expulsions of students.Mlodzeevsky was one of the twenty-five full professors who resigned. His colleague Sergei Chaplygin also resigned.
...
On 11 January the government issued a circular that banned student meetings on the premises of all university institutions and directed the police not to wait for an invitation from the faculty councils before breaking up gatherings and arresting participants. The circular also ordered the professors to call in the police at the first sign of trouble. ... By the first week of February, a strike had become nationwide, involving both universities and the specialised technical institutes. ... the professoriate found itself in a quandary. Opposing both the 11 January circular and the strike, the professors continued to lecture. Students responded by obstructing classes; even popular teachers with liberal reputations were hooted down.
In Moscow University, the situation escalated rapidly. Rector Manuilov was prepared to cooperate with the authorities. But as police stormed into the university uninvited, to apprehend students taking part in banned meetings, they arrested innocent bystanders as well as activists. These actions, as Manuilov complained to the faculty council, not only deterred moderate students from coming to classes but also had a radicalising effect on the whole student body. When their efforts to curb police interference failed, Manuilov, assistant rector M A Menzbir, and protector P A Minakov decided to resign. On 28 January, the rector explained to the faculty council that although the police tried to behave correctly the 11 January circular had created an "intolerable state of dual power in the university." The three resigned their administrative, not their academic, posts and offered to continue serving in the former until replacements could be found.
Now came the surprise. Minister of Education Kasso ... dismissed the three professors from their university duties. ... The Moscow University Faculty Council, in a 2 February emergency meeting, told the government that unless the three professors were reinstated, many of their colleagues would be forced to resign. [The government] refused to compromise, and Moscow University tottered on the brink of ruin. By 20 February twenty-five full professors and seventy-four junior faculty members had resigned from the university - more than one-third of the teaching staff. The natural sciences faculty was especially hard-hit. Most of those who resigned did not return to Moscow University or, indeed, to service in any university institution controlled by the Ministry of Education. Many did, however, find positions in the independent Shanyavsky University ...

Here is a pictures of those who resigned. In the picture Boleslav Mlodzeevskii, Vladimir Vernadsky, Sergei Chaplygin, and Nikolai Vasilyevich Davydov are the last four standing on the right. Vernadsky, a geochemist, and Davydov, a professor of law, are standing with the two mathematicians. There is also an astronomer and three physicists in the picture.
We have explained fully the circumstances of the 1911 crisis at Moscow University because this had a major impact on Mlodzeevsky's life. Leaving the university caused him to develop diabetes, and relapses of this disease subsequently affected him and contributed to his premature death. Immediately after he resigned, like several professors in a similar position, he lectured and conducted a seminar at the Shanyavsky City University. This university had been founded in 1908 with funds from the gold mining philanthropist Alfons Shanyavsky. In 1911 the university was not controlled by the Ministry of Education and the Minister of Education Kasso did not make any moves to try to prevent those who had resigned from working there. In 1911-12 Mlodzeevsky taught a course on the fundamentals of geometry at Shanyavsky City University which attracted a huge audience consisting of a wide variety of people who sought their education from the independent sector. He continued to teach at Shanyavsky City University until 1917 when he returned to teaching at Moscow University. In fact Shanyavsky City University was nationalised in 1918 and came under the control of the Ministry of Education.
The Russian Revolution began in 1917 and by 1918 conditions became very difficult as the country endured a civil war. Dimitri Fedorovich Egorov writes that Mlodzeevsky [2]:-
... did not survive the difficult years of 1918-1919 easily. He suffered greatly from material deprivation and backbreaking work, and then his wife's dangerous illness brought him much grief. The following years brought some relief, but in the last year of his life Mlodzeevsky was excessively overloaded with work: he simultaneously held the duties of professor at the 1st and 2nd Universities, taught at the Academy of Social Education, was director of the Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, and chairman of subject commissions at both Universities; in addition, after the death of Professor A K Vlasov, Mlodzeevsky considered it his duty to take over his lectures at the University and at the Institute of National Economy; to this should be added the work of publishing courses in analytical geometry and algebra and editing the translation of Édouard Goursat's book 'Cours d'analyse mathématique'.In December 1922 he developed a lump on his neck which doctors decided to remove with an operation. A second operation proved necessary but, weak from years of suffering from diabetes, this led to his death at the age of sixty-four. Following his death, he was buried in Novodevichy Cemetery.
We have given an indication of the work that Mlodzeevsky presented in his Master's thesis and in his doctoral thesis. This work on the theory of bending was one he returned to many times writing several other important works on this topic [2]:-
Other, smaller works by Mlodzeevsky relate partly to geometry, partly to analysis, partly to applied sciences. In most cases they contain a clever and elegant solution to some problem that either had not been solved, or had been solved earlier, but by a less perfect method. In this direction, it is especially necessary to note the work "On the polynomials that deviate least from zero" in which a well-known result is obtained, but in the simplest and most elegant way ... In the last years of his life, Mlodzeevsky began to work in the field of algebraic geometry, especially on the theory of Cremona transformations.Egorov ends his obituary of Mlodzeevsky with this tribute [2]:-
Without listing separately all the works of Mlodzeevsky, we will only say that all of them, to a greater or lesser extent, bear the stamp of the author's personality and testify to the versatility of his interests, his brilliant gift for exposition and the wit of his mathematical thought.
Additional Resources (show)
Other websites about Boleslav Mlodzeevsky:
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update September 2025
Last Update September 2025