Johann Friedrich Penther
Quick Info
Fürstenwalde, Prussia, now Germany
Göttingen, Hanover, now Germany
Biography
Johann Friedrich Penther was the son of Johann Zacharias Penther who, at the time of his son's birth, was a member of the local Fürstenwalde council, but, a year later in 1694, he became mayor and excise collector in Seelow, a small town in the Mittelmark. This was a region of Brandenburg between the Oder and Elbe rivers. The town of Seelow is about 30 km northeast of Fürstenwalde and it was in Seelow that Johann Friedrich began his primary education. His parents, impressed with the abilities of the young boy, decided to send him back to Fürstenwalde in 1701 to attend the school there run by the rector Georg von Roth (1674-1723) who had quickly gained a reputation for excellent teaching. Von Roth had attended the Gymnasium in Eperies and then attended the University of Wittenberg (1693-1696). He became a private tutor in Berlin until 1699 when Elector Friedrich III appointed him as a deacon in Fürstenwalde, where the town council also gave him the rectorate of the school. There the vice rector König and a teacher Mosentin gave Johann Friedrich an excellent basic education concentrating on religion, the Latin language and fine arts.Michael Mehlisch, who had married the sister of Johann Friedrich Penther's mother, was the first pastor in Friedland in Lower Lusatia. He had previously been the headmaster of the school in Lübben, the capital of Lower Lusatia, and had there gained a reputation as an outstanding teacher. After moving to Friedland, Mehlisch did not want to give up teaching children and so gave private tuition in his own home. He had a son, who was a similar age to Johann Friedrich, and this son was one of Mehlisch's pupils. Johann Friedrich's parents took advantage of the opportunity to have their son taught by his aunt's husband and sent him to Friedland to become one of Mehlisch's pupils. Johann Friedrich spent three years studying with Mehlisch and these proved to be extremely valuable since Mehlisch was a very able teacher who was able to give Johann Friedrich individual tuition based on the young boys abilities and progress. The teaching concentrated on religious studies and classic languages.
After three years studying with Mehlisch, Johann Friedrich was sent back to Georg von Roth's school in Fürstenwalde. Von Roth had studied the writings of the ancient Greek philosophers and there he had seen the importance that had been given to teaching mathematics to young students. He soon saw that Johann Friedrich had a passion for mathematical studies and wanted to lean more so he thoroughly taught him the basic principles of mathematics. When Penther's parents saw their son's passion for mathematics they decided to send him to Liegnitz to be taught by another of their relations, Christian Gottlieb Hertel (1683-1743), who was the Professor of Mathematics at the Knight's Academy in Liegnitz. This was a decision partly due to the fact that von Roth was unhappy with his duties as a deacon in Fürstenwalde and had accepted the offer to become rector of the Gymnasium in Stade. Penther intended to begin his studies at the Knight's Academy in Liegnitz in 1712 but his journey to that city had to be postponed due to the death of his mother. After a long (about 250 km) and difficult journey, Penther arrived in Liegnitz on 2 January 1713. There he was taught mathematics, with emphasis on practical mathematics, by Hertel and by the summer of 1714 had gained sufficient expertise that he was in a position to continue his mathematical training at university.
Penther enter the Alma Mater Viadrina University in Frankfurt an der Oder on 16 October 1714. This university had been founded in 1506 and was the first in Brandenburg. At this university Penther studied natural science, took legal courses, but his main subject was mathematics. He was taught mathematics by Jakob Hermann who had taken up his appointment at Frankfurt an der Oder in 1713. Penther graduated from the University of Frankfurt an der Oder in 1717 having concentrated on applications of mathematics.
After graduating, Penther returned to Liegnitz and offered his services as a tutor at the Knight's Academy. He was recommended as a tutor to Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz (1702-1765), whose father George Carl von Haugwitz was a general in the service of Saxony. Penther taught the young von Haugwitz on his father's estate in 1717-18, then continued to teach him in 1718-1720 at the Knight's Academy in Liegnitz. In August 1719 Penther went to Dresden with his young pupil to participate in the festivities surrounding the marriage of Friedrich August junior, son of the Elector of Saxony, to the Austrian Archduchess Maria Josepha. At this time Penther began to create scale models of gardens and his reputation as a tutor became widely known. He thought of architecture as an application of mathematics, as was common at this time (for example Robert Hooke and Christopher Wren), and he became increasingly interested in buildings, again believing that an approach should be through scale models.
His tutoring duties with the von Haugwitz family ended in 1720 and he was employed to teach mathematics to the sons of Count Christoph Friedrich zu Stolberg (1672-1738) at Stolberg Castle in the Harz Mountains. He also served as secretary to the Count which enabled him to advise the Count on public affairs using the legal skills he had learnt at university. Penther had an interest in mining and the Count, realising that his secretary was highly intelligent, made Penther his mining secretary. The Count had 10 children and Penther was soon also tutoring two other sons of the Count, Gottlob Friedrich (born 1706) and Friedrich Heinrich (born 1707). Sadly Friedrich Heinrich died on 22 March 1722, not long after Penther had begun tutoring him. In 1727 Gottlob Friedrich joined a Regiment quartered in Hungary, and his parents asked Penther accompany their son to Hungary and to ensure his well-being there [2]:-
The journey began around Easter 1727 and continued through Silesia, stopping several times until they arrived at the regiment's headquarters in Litschau on 28 June. The following month, they moved to quarters in the Upper Hungarian capital of Kaschau [now Košice]. ... Both in Silesia and in Hungary, he observed everything that could increase and enhance his learning, experience, and purpose. He was concerned with discovering the riches of nature, not only above but also below the earth, in the famous Hungarian mines.In the following year he made a journey that developed his architectural skills [2]:-
A journey he made in 1728 via Ofen [now Buda and part of Budapest] to Vienna provided him with a wealth of architectural masterpieces in this magnificent residential city, which he was only seeking in accordance with his ultimate goal. On his return journey to Stolberg in 1729, which involved detours via the Hungarian mining towns of Neusohl [now Banská Bystrica], Schemnitz [now Banská Štiavnica], Kremnitz [now Kremnica], and others, he greatly increased his insight, especially when he was able to inspect the special copper mine at Schemnitz and the rich salt mines at Solivar near Eperjes [now Prešov]. He arrived in Stolberg at the beginning of August, and his illustrious Count found his services so faithful, his skill so enhanced, and especially his experience in chamber and mining matters so exceptional, that at the beginning of 1730 he appointed him chamber and mining councillor and simultaneously entrusted him with the directorship of construction.In 1732 Penther published the book Praxis Geometriae Ⓣ. A look at the Preface of this work gives an idea of the practical mathematics in which he specialised:-
Geometry, by definition a science that measures lengths, angles, areas, and volumes, is a subject beneficial to the common good, and is specifically recommended. True, some may regard practical geometry as a trivial matter, as if it should be a little overlooked; but such despisers will thereby make themselves more contemptible than this magnificent science among intelligent people. But I must not attempt to explain in many words how practical geometry is for the common good, since the matter speaks for itself. Just imagine, if a plan of a country estate, with all meadows, fields, forests, and other relevant details, has been accurately measured, neatly put on paper, and marked with the appropriate notes, according to the instructions of this treatise, how pleasant is this for the observer, but especially for the one who has charge of the country estate? The former can immediately get an idea of the current location and condition of the estate, and the latter surveys that which he had to go through over many times, like someone who has done a lot of ploughing and can recap it in an instant on a land chart. On this one finds how many acres each piece has, according to which one can make different arrangements, both for sowing and for other purposes. One notes where all the pieces adjoin, and, if they are divided up, one can immediately judge how they can be conveniently exchanged or otherwise improved. In legal matters one finds out where boundary stones, pillars, piles or trees were, etc. Because of the hereditary rents and other dues one can immediately see what is attached to each piece of land, be it house, farm, garden, meadow, etc. or what it must do for service, and the like, if this has been recorded in detail on the plan. In this case, such a plan serves far better than a hereditary register or inventory book. ... If a lord has large forests and wants to manage them economically so that the wear and tear always remains the same, a geometric plan can be a good basis for this. ... The benefits, advantages, and convenience of accurate ground surveys on large game reserves in terms of profit, advantage, and convenience for organising substantial hunts, as one can regulate all drives in advance on paper, calculate the number of blinds, nets, and tackle, and make other clever arrangements, is not unknown to experienced hunters. The beneficial assistance that water weighing provides in mill construction, water pipes, and pipe laying is never sufficiently praised by those who are involved with it. To touch upon several useful aspects, including the entire art of weighing, would be too extensive. From what has been presented here, one can already be convinced of the usefulness of practical geometry. This has indeed been considered in both ancient and modern times.Around this time Penther also worked on drawing up architectural plans. He designed two churches in the County of Stolberg, of which the one in Schwenda is modelled on the Frauenkirche in Dresden.
On 9 October 1732 Penther married Christiana Helena Sophia Reiss (about 1704-after 1785), a native of Ohrdruff and the youngest daughter of the Saxe-Gotha-Schneidemühl factor Heinrich Christian Reiss, at Stolberg Castle. Their 6-week-old daughter was buried in Stolberg although she was not born there. They had two other children.
Let us record that Friedrich Heinrich August Penther was born in Stolberg in 1727. He studied law at the Georg August University of Göttingen from 27 December 1747, became an engineer at the General State Surveying Commission in Braunschweig in 1756, and taught at the Collegium Carolinum in Braunschweig from 1762 to 1774. He was Professor of Applied Mathematics (1762-1766), Lecturer and Professor of Arithmetic and Geometry (1766-1771) and Full Professor of Mathematics and Mechanics (1771-1774). We have been unable to discover who Friedrich Heinrich August Penther's parents were, but it must be probable that he was a son of Johann Friedrich Penther.
In 1734 Johann Friedrich Penther published Gnomonica fundamentalis & mechanica Ⓣ. It discusses various types of sundials, their construction, how to install and adjust them, and explains important terms of geometry. The plates illustrate these explanations and include sketches for geometric calculations and a small map of Germany on plate II.
The University of Göttingen was founded in 1734 by George II, King of Great Britain and Elector of Hanover, and instruction began there in 1737. The first professor of mathematics, appointed in 1735, was Johann Andreas von Segner. Penther, originally hired as overseer of the academic buildings in Göttingen, was appointed Full Professor of Mathematics (Economics) on 1 October 1736. He taught practical mathematics with topics such as economics, architecture, and mapmaking. In 1736 he published Programma von der Mathesi Thavmatvrgia Ⓣ which set out the lectures he intended to give at Göttingen. It begins:-
It will not be wrong to call the mathematician a miracle worker. While they cannot perform supernatural miracles, as was believed in ancient times, which is why mathematicians had a bad reputation at that time, they are nevertheless capable of performing natural miracles, which even today strike some inexperienced people as supernatural things and are considered by them to be supernatural, but their assessment neither detracts from the matter nor glorifies or magnifies it. ... Let us briefly consider the applications of mathematics. We find that arithmetic brings very hidden things to light and makes completely unknown things known. Geometry allows us to measure things according to their sizes and distances, which one cannot otherwise attain. Civil architecture constantly multiplies the numbers of the world's real wonders. Military architecture teaches us how to protect our possessions from a great multitude of powerful people; conversely, it shows us ways to master insurmountable ramparts and walls. Naval architecture builds the most impressive castles, which have neither foundation nor permanent situations, yet can still captivate. Pyrotechnic thunderstorms shatter gates, ramparts, and walls, but also create very entertaining spectacles with rising and flying objects that have no wings. Mechanics performs astonishing miracles. Even if Archimedes' statement that he could lift the Earth from its place if he had another place where he could have a firmer footing to do so, passes as a great boast, it is nevertheless certain that the heaviest loads are lifted with little strength, and often 100 pounds are outweighed by one pound. Astronomy takes us to other worlds. Acoustics makes the deaf hear. Optics, I dare not say that it makes the blind see, but it strengthens naked eyes in such a way that they see clearly what seemed unclear to them, or which they were probably not able to see at all; it makes visible things which are completely invisible because of their smallness and distance; it causes us to be able to look ourselves in the eyes and examine all parts of our face ...George II was expected to visit the new university of Göttingen on 12 September 1737 when the university was inaugurated. Penther submitted the design for a triumphal arch in the form of a classic triumphal arch for the occasion but, after it became known that George II would not attend, the arch was never constructed.
Other publications by Penther are Mathesin in vita humana necessariam ostendit Ⓣ (1737), Collegivm Architectonicvm oder Anleitung zur Civil-Bau-Kunst Ⓣ (1738), Bau-Anschlag oder richtige Anweisung In zweyen Beyspielen Ⓣ (1743) and Ausführliche Anleitung zur Bürgerlichen Bau-Kunst Ⓣ (4 volumes, 1744-1748). He intended to publish eight volumes of this major work "Detailed Instructions on Civic Architecture" but he died after only four had been completed. Meyer writes about the 1743 work [8]:-
In his treatise "Bau-Anschlag" (Building Estimate), first published in 1743, Johann Friedrich Penther declared the creation of comprehensive, detailed, and precise cost estimates to be the sine qua non of all construction projects. It therefore seemed all the more incomprehensible to him that "no one would want to be seen showing the way how one could arrive at a determination of all future costs for a building to be constructed."Penther and his wife wanted to purchase a house in Göttingen and for this required Göttingen citizenship. Having obtained the citizenship in 1743-44, they acquired the Kothhaus on Lange-Geismar-Strasse Göttingen on 7 April 1744. The Kothhaus had previously been owned by the pharmacist and soap maker Johann Georg Klettwig.
On 7 December 1743 Penther was given a seat and vote in the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Göttingen. He was Vice-Rector of the University of Göttingen from 2 July 1747 to 2 January 1748.
Penther died at the age of 56 having only published four of the intended eight volumes of his major work on architecture. An inventory taken after his death records a richly equipped library as well as 19 models including a model of a mill, of a small garden house, and of a large fortress. He also had a collection of scientific instruments. After his death, the astronomer, mathematician and mapmaker Tobias Mayer was appointed to fill Penther's chair at the University of Göttingen in 1751. Penther's wife continued to live in the Kothhaus on Lange-Geismar-Strasse but sold it to the court clerk Carl Bernhard Compe on 14 September 1784. Compe left Göttingen to become district magistrate in Nienborg. Penther's widow, by this time in her 80s, left Göttingen in March 1785 saying she was planning to leave the country.
References (show)
- T Appel, Penther, Johann Friedrich, Göttinger Künstlerlexikon: Maler - Grafiker - Bildhauer - Architekten. Vom 14. bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts (Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, 2022), 436-437.
- J J Brucker, Bilder-sal heutiges Tages lebender, und durch Gelahrheit berühmter Schrifft-steller (Johann Jacob Haid, 1750).
- Johann Friedrich Penther: architect, mathematician, architectural theorist, master builder and building inspector, International Architecture Database (2025).
https://www.archinform.net/arch/38367.htm - Johann Friedrich Penther, Art Directory (2025).
https://www.johann-friedrich-penther.com/index.shtml - Johann Friedrich Penther: Biography, Ketterer Kunst (2025).
https://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/johann-friedrich-penther-1693.php - Johann Friedrich Penther, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (2025).
https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/penther-johann-friedrich/103275.html - Johann Friedrich Penther (1693-1749), City of Stolberg in the Harz Mountains (2015).
https://www.stadt-stolberg.de/penther - T Meyer, Die kameralistische Ökonomie der (Geo-) Ressourcen im 18. Jahrhundert - Baumaterialien, Baukosten und die Emergenz des Genres der Bauanschläge, Der Anschnitt 70 (5) (2018), 216-234.
- Penther, Johann Friedrich, Gnomonica fundamentalis & mechanica (Augsburg, 1760), Heidelberg University (2025).
https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/penther1760 - Portrait of Johann Friedrich Penther, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives (2025).
https://library.si.edu/image-gallery/73577 - H Reuther, Johann Friedrich Penther (1693-1749). Ein Göttinger Architekturtheoretiker des Spätbarock, Niederdeutsche Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte 20 (1981), 151-176.
- A M Seelow, Models as a Medium in Architecture (preprint, 2017).
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201712.0071/v1 - A-K Sors, Bildnis Johann Friedrich Penther, in Anne-Katrin Sors (ed.), Die Englische Manie. Mezzotinto als Medium druckgrafischer Reproduktion und Innovation, Catalogue for the exhibition at the Göttingen University Art Collection, 27 April 2014 - 1 March 2015 (Göttingen University Press, Göttingen, 2014), 148.
- View of the Celle Goal, Workhouse and Madhouse (1748), by Johann Friedrich Penther, Meisterdrucke Fine At Prints (2025).
https://www.meisterdrucke.uk/fine-art-prints/Johann-Friedrich-Penther/677879/View-of-the-Celle-Goal,-Workhouse-and-Madhouse.html
Additional Resources (show)
Other websites about Johann Penther:
Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update September 2025
Last Update September 2025