László Fejes Tóth
Quick Info
Szeged, Hungary
Budapest, Hungary
Biography
László Fejes Tóth was the son of József Fejes Tóth a railway worker who became a cashier at the Keleti Railway Station in Budapest and Vilma Farkas a teacher of Hungarian-German at a girls' high school. László had an older brother József Fejes Tóth (1913-1944). László spent the first five years of his life in Szeged but it was a difficult time because of World War I. The war ended in 1918 but the city was briefly occupied by the Romanian army in 1919 during border conflicts. In 1920 his family moved to Budapest when his father became a cashier at Keleti Railway Station. Later in life László's father studied law and was about fifty years old when he was awarded a doctorate in law.At this point we should explain where the name Fejes Tóth came from. He was given the name Tóth but this was a very common name in Hungary, for example when he was at school there were four children in his class with that name. At that time he was known as Tóth László, the Hungarian convention putting the family name before the given name. It was difficult having the same name as many others and the family looked for a way to distinguish the Tóths. László's grandfather was known as Fejes Tóth but Fejes was only a nickname. His grandmother's family also had the name Tóth and they also had a nickname and were known as Tücskös Tóth. László's family made a request to change their name to Fejes Tóth but the official to whom they made the request did not allow it. The official did allow them to change their name to Fejes so from that time, until 1946, the subject of this biography was known as Fejes László, with Fejes being the family name. He published papers between 1937 and 1946 under the name L Fejes. Only in 1946 he was allowed to formally change his name to Fejes Tóth.
Let us return to Fejes Tóth's schooldays - we'll use the name Fejes Tóth even although, as we explained, he was known first as Tóth László, then as Fejes László at those times. He attended the Széchenyi István Reálgimnázium which was situated in the Népliget district of Budapest. This school grew out of a school founded in 1899 becoming the Tisztviselőtelepi Hungarian Royal State High School in 1906. It was considered the most modern designed and equipped high school among the schools of the time, even though the school's equipment was damaged during the Romanian occupation following World War I. In 1921 it took the name Széchenyi István Reálgimnázium. Fejes Tóth explained in the interview [12]:-
Already in the last years of my secondary school studies, in the seventh or eighth grade at the time, I was more or less familiar with calculus. Not with the rigour that is taught at university, but I knew the gist of it, and that fascinated me. ... I was amazed when I first understood the Taylor series of the sine function ...You can read our translation of the whole interview at THIS LINK.
Fejes Tóth graduated from the Széchenyi István Reálgimnázium in 1933 and in that year he entered the Pázmány Péter University (now Eötvös Loránd University). He made an impressive start to his university career by solving a problem he had found for himself through while reading a classical monograph of Francesco Tricomi. He explained what the problem was in [12]:-
Fourier used a method to describe the cooling of a sphere. Imagine an iron sphere whose temperature depends only on the radius from the centre, and we know this relationship. What happens if we immerse this sphere in zero-degree water? What will the temperature be after time t at a distance r from the centre? Fourier solved this problem using a series that is similar to the ordinary Fourier series ... Fourier's solution met the requirements of the time, but it was not exact in the sense of modern mathematics, since it presupposed the convergence of the series. Cauchy solved the problem using an even more general series, the exponential series named after him, and I dealt with his solution. Cauchy's proof was also incomplete, because he did not deal with the issue of convergence either. Picard, the leading French mathematician of the time, proved the convergence of Cauchy's exponential series, but only in the case when the generating function has a bounded change. I managed to generalise this to a large extent by proving that this series is convergent or divergent depending on whether the Fourier series of the function is convergent or divergent.This result became Fejes Tóth's first paper which he wrote in French and published in 1935 as Des séries exponentielles de Cauchy in Comptes Rendus of the Académie des Sciences. We note that he gives his name on this paper as Ladislas Fejes. He continued to study for a doctorate and a teacher's certificate advised by Lipót Fejér [13]:-
It was not so much concrete mathematics, but the ability to become fascinated by the beauty of new discoveries is what he learned from Fejér.In addition to working on Cauchy series, he also worked on the approximating of curves by polygons and polyhedra, and published Extremum problems concerning polygons (Hungarian) in 1937 and Extremum problems concerning polyhedra (Hungarian) in 1938. A review of the 1938 paper begins as follows:-
Let K be a convex closed plane curve, and P a closed polygon lying in the same plane. Let A be the set of points that lie in one, and only one, of the two regions bounded by K and P. The author defines the area measure of A as the deviation between P and K and poses the question: What distinguishes the n-gon that has the smallest deviation from K? Analogous questions are also addressed in three-dimensional space. Here, instead of n-gons, polyhedra with a given area are considered.Also in 1938 he published a second paper on Cauchy series, namely The exponential series of Cauchy (Hungarian). A review of this paper begins as follows:-
Cauchy investigated certain generalisations of the Fourier series using the residue method, and Picard proved a convergence theorem for such expansions. Here, under more general assumptions, the equiconvergence of the Cauchy and Fourier expansions of a function f(x) is proved.He received a mathematics teacher's diploma from Pázmány Péter University in 1938 and in the same year, having submitted a thesis, was awarded the equivalent of a Ph.D.
Fejes Tóth met his future wife while studying at Pázmány Péter University. He writes in [12]:-
I met my wife [Izabella Újhelyi] at university, she studied chemistry, and after graduation she had a good job as a chemist. ... I want to say that our marriage was successful, a very good marriage. She gave birth to three beautiful, healthy, talented, and, what I think is even more important, honest children. She gave up her own career, and she did this consciously, because she thought that as a mother and as a wife she could do much more for the family than if she stayed at work and earned something. She helped my work in everything, created and gave everything so that I could live completely for mathematics. We always lived modestly, we never had great demands.László Fejes Tóth and Izabella Újhelyi were married in 1941. They had three children: a daughter Izabella Fejes Tóth (born 1945); and two sons Gábor Fejes Tóth (born 1947) and Geza Fejes Tóth (born 17 May 1949). Izabella Fejes Tóth became a psychologist. Gábor Fejes Tóth became a mathematician specialising in discrete and combinatorial geometry. Gábor studied at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, received his doctorate from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1977, and his habilitation in 1995. He became a member of the Alfred Renyi Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1973. He chaired the panel of experts who evaluated Thomas Hales's proof of Kepler's conjecture in 2003. Geza Fejes Tóth became Professor of Physiology and Neurobiology at Dartmouth University in New Hampshire.
Let us return to László Fejes Tóth's career. The Treaty of Trianon after World War I limited Hungary's armed forces and conscription was forbidden. However, the 1938 Bled agreement allowed Hungary to conscript men to more than double the size of its existing army. They began conscripting in 1939 and Fejes Tóth was called-up for military duty. He said [12]:-
I was called up several times, and when I was on the verge of collapse and had to go back in, a kind doctor gave me a paper saying "currently unfit". I had calcified nodules in my lungs that didn't cause any problems, but on that basis he could issue me this paper.Released from military service, in 1941 he was appointed as an assistant professor at the Institute of Geometry of the Ferenc József University of Cluj. Cluj had been in the lands that were removed from Hungary and assigned to Romania by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. It was returned to Hungary, however, by the Second Vienna Award in 1940 so when Fejes Tóth took up his position in Cluj in 1941 he was in a Hungarian city. This was an important time in his life since it was during his years in Cluj that he began the mathematical research for which he is now famous.
When Fejes Tóth arrived in Cluj he met his schooldays friend Dezsö Lázár who was teaching mathematics in the Jewish High School. He had asked Fejes Tóth an interesting question. How do you place n points on a surface in such a way that the minimum distance between them is maximum? It was a hard question but one which had fascinated Fejes Tóth. Jénos Pach gives the background to this research area to which Fejes Tóth made so many major contributions in [21]:-
The simplest question was how to place as many one-forint coins as possible on a "large" table? The statement that, in the best arrangement, all one-forint coins, apart from the coins placed on the edge of the table, are touched by six others, was first proven by Axel Thue, a Norwegian number theorist, in 1892. The proof is by no means self-evident. In space, we can ask, at most, how many spheres of diameter one unit can fit in a huge container? Although some aspects of the problem were also addressed by Minkowski and Hilbert, for half a century it was mainly addressed by crystallographers and physicists. Their interest stemmed from the belief that atoms or molecules of a homogeneous material placed under high pressure would automatically arrange themselves into the densest crystal structure. The complete description of possible regular crystal structures was essentially completed by the end of the 19th century. Thus, in principle - through extremely lengthy calculations - the densest regular "lattice-like" arrangement for molecules (or other objects) of arbitrary shape could be determined with great accuracy. But what if the densest arrangement is not regular? This question did not even arise for most researchers at that time. László Fejes Tóth suspected that it was a deep mathematical problem, closely related to important areas of classical analysis, approximation theory and algebra. The study of non-lattice structures and quasicrystals has now become an independent discipline. It is impossible to overestimate the personal role of László Fejes Tóth in this process. Even before the end of the war, he devoted dozens of fundamental papers to such questions.Fejes Tóth and Lázár discussed research topics until Lázár was called up for labour service. This ended their research collaboration since Lázár died in the winter of 1942-43 on the Russian front.
While he was in Cluj, Fejes Tóth published many papers related to problems of the type he had been discussing with Lázár. For example, in 1943 he published seven papers, four in German and three in Hungarian. One of the German papers is Über die dichteste Kugellagerung which was published in Mathematische Zeitschrift. The paper begins as follows:-
We consider a sufficiently large cube of ordinary Euclidean space and place within it, in a certain arrangement, a number of equally sized spheres, approximately of radius 1. As a measure of the density of this ball arrangement, we define the total volume of the enclosed spheres divided by the volume of the given cube. We now further consider a sequence of cubes , whose volumes increase without limit, and simultaneously with each cube the maximum value of the densities of all possible ball arrangements. The sequence then approaches a limit: . In this essay, we will give an estimate of this limiting density .In 1944 Joseph Stalin made a radio announcement that Hungary was required to renounce all territories acquired after 1938 and restore the pre-war frontiers. This meant that Cluj would return to being Romanian and Fejes Tóth, who did not want to live in Romania, left Cluj and returned to Budapest. He was called again for military service, and his paper saying he was unfit was ignored. When his unit was ordered to go to Germany, he fled and hide at his parents' home. The house was hit nine times in Allied bombing raids and, he said:-
You could see the sky from the basement.Fejes Tóth became a mathematics teacher at Árpád Secondary Grammar School in Budapest where he taught from 1945 to 1948. He also habilitated at the Pázmány Péter University where he worked as a docent from 1946 to 1948. In 1949 he was appointed as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Mathematics, University of Chemical Industry of Veszprém and, in 1952, was promoted to Professor. Veszprém is a town a few kilometres north of lake Balaton, about 100 km south west of Budapest. Árpád Pünkösti, who was a student at the University of Chemical Industry of Veszprém from 1954 to 1959 tells us in [23] that Fejes Tóth:-
... played table tennis with the best students during his breaks. In the summer, he took examinations on the top of an upturned boat on the beach in Balatonalmád, and in the autumn, he climbed the thirty-metre chimney of the university boiler house for a bet.In fact, he enjoyed a whole range of sports and, in addition to those just mentioned, we note he played tennis, enjoyed trampolining and, later in life, learned to hang glide.
In 1953 Fejes Tóth published the book Lagerungen in der Ebene, auf der Kugel und im Raum. Ambrose Rogers writes in the review [25]:-
The book starts with a discussion of some elementary, and some not quite so elementary, results about convex bodies and polygons which are needed later. Then the different problems are discussed in the plane, on the surface of a sphere, and, after a section on polyhedra, in space. As the book proceeds, the author finds questions to which he has not yet succeeded in finding the answer (much of the work described in the book is due to the author); he does not hesitate to supply a conjecture. At the ends of the various sections the author gives collections of remarks containing references to many original papers concerned with the problems he discusses and with many interesting generalisations and variations.For details of this work (which has a revised second edition in 1972) and an English translation of this second edition with much additional material published in 2023, see THIS LINK.
The book is written in a very clear style; the sentences are short, making the task of the dictionary thumbing reader easy. The mathematics is based almost entirely on elementary geometry and should be understood by anyone with a knowledge of school mathematics, provided that they have a mature outlook on the subject. The problems considered are quite fascinating and are much nearer those of the ordinary world than is common in pure mathematics. The field is one in which there is scope for the amateur mathematician to make important contributions.
In the second paragraph quoted above from Ambrose Rogers' review he explains that the book discusses problems that anyone with only a little mathematical knowledge could understand. In fact this was typical of Fejes Tóth's whole approach to mathematics. We quote from [18] written ten years after Fejes Tóth's death:-
The results, books and problems raised by László Fejes Tóth have launched countless researchers in their careers all over the world and continue to have an impact to this day. His idea was the term "intuitive geometry", with which he addressed fundamental geometric questions that were understandable to the man in the street.A second classic book by Fejes Tóth was Regular figures (1964). In fact it was Donald Coxeter who encouraged Fejes Tóth to write this book. Coxeter began a review of the book as follows [4]:-
This book seems to have everything that could be desired in a mathematical monograph - a pleasant style, careful explanation of all technical terms used, a great variety of topics with a single unifying idea, a good bibliography and index, and many beautiful illustrations, including four plates and a pocketful of stereoscopic anaglyphs. Although the work is mostly concerned with geometry, it has connections with art, crystallography, biology, city planning, and the standardisation of industrial products.You can read detailed information about this book, including a fuller version of the review by Donald Coxeter, at THIS LINK.
As another example of Fejes Tóth's intuitive geometry, let us quote from the review by Philip Peak of the paper What the Bees Know and What They Do Not Know which Fejes Tóth published in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society in 1964 [22]:-
We have always marvelled at the mathematical astuteness of the lowly honeybee. But has he been overrated? Is he really as efficient in the use of wax and space as history would have us believe? Is the sum total of wax used a minimum in this odd-shaped cell, whose top is hexagonal and whose bottom is three equal rhombi? The author proceeds to show us where the bees do well and where they do not.His work may be considered intuitive geometry but it has led to deep results. For example, the Kepler conjecture, named after Johannes Kepler, was a conjecture about sphere packing in three-dimensional Euclidean space. In 1998, Thomas Hales, using a method suggested by Fejes Tóth in 1953, claimed he had a proof of the Kepler conjecture. Hales' method involved checking a very large number of cases using a computer and, because of the difficulty in checking, referees of the paper would only say they were 99% sure it was correct. In 2017, following further work by a team led by Hales, a formal proof was accepted as true.
The rhombic dodecahedron gives the best ratio of volume to surface while also acting as space fillers, but there is a better one; namely, the truncated octahedron. Now if the bees would stop at an optimal height as they build from bottom to top they then would have a better system; that is, the bisected rhombic dodecahedron. Better yet, take the regular octahedron and elongate a diagonal to form a 120-degree dihedral angle, then proceed to truncate some corners by planes perpendicular to diagonals and we have a new symmetric figure that fills space and uses less wax than the bees' system. The bottom is two hexagons and two rhombi rather than the three rhombi used by the bees.
This is a fascinating article; and, as you have already concluded, I have only touched on one phase. The author extends this to other illustrations with drawings and mathematical relations. Your students will enjoy this, and they may go out and teach the bees a more efficient system.
In 1965, a year after the publication the 'bees' paper and of the book Regular figures, Fejes Tóth moved to Budapest becoming a Senior Research Fellow at the Alfréd Rényi Mathematical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1970 he became the director of the Alfréd Rényi Mathematical Research Institute, a position he held until 1983.
Fejes Tóth was offered a professorship at the University of Zurich. He considered this to be the greatest honour he received and he would have been delighted to accept. The Hungarian authorities, however, did not allow him to accept. He was allowed to hold various visiting professorships abroad, for example he was a visiting professor at the University of Freiburg (1960-1961), at the University of Wisconsin, the University of Washington and the University of Ohio (1963-1964), and at the University of Salzburg (1969-1970).
Fejes Tóth received the following prizes: the Klug Lipót Prize (1943); the Kossuth Prize (1957); the State Prize (1973); the Tibor Szele Prize (1977); the Gauss Bicentennial Medal (1977); and the Gold Medal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (2002). He received honorary degrees from the University of Salzburg (1991) and the University of Veszprém (1997). He was elected a Corresponding Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1962) and a Full Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1970). He was elected a member of the Leipzig Saxon Academy of Sciences (1966), he served as President of the János Bolyai Mathematical Society from 1972 to 1975.
Looking back on Fejes Tóth's achievements, it is clear that he was an outstanding problem-solver. Perhaps equally important, however, was his extraordinary intuition in making numerous conjectures. These have occupied a range to mathematicians and for those interested in seeing the work others have put into solving Fejes Tóth's problems, we recommend reading the delightful paper Five essays on the geometry of László Fejes Tóth; see [17].
Following his death in 2005, a number of tributes have been given. A conference on "Intuitive Geometry" was organised in Budapest in July 2008 in his memory. The University of Pannonia, which was named University of Veszprém until 2006, awards the László Fejes Tóth Prize. The Fejes Tóth László Medal is awarded by the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics, a research centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the first award being in 2023. In 2015, the University of Pannonia added a bust of Fejes Tóth to their sculpture park. The rector of the University wrote [23]:-
Today, the sculpture park is enriched with a bronze bust of one of the university's legal predecessors, the former renowned professor of the University of Chemical Industry of Veszprém, the internationally renowned father of discrete geometry, academician László Fejes Tóth. ... Respect for human greatness is as old as humanity: with the inauguration of the bust of László Fejes Tóth, the University of Pannonia welcomes its former renowned professor, who enriched its intellectual heritage, into the hall of immortals.
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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2026
Last Update March 2026