Annie Dale Biddle Andrews
Quick Info
Hanford, California, USA
Oakland, Berkeley, California, USA
Biography
Annie Dale Andrews was given the name Annie Dale Biddle and only after her marriage to William Samuel Andrews in 1912 did she take the name Andrews. We note, however, that later in life she used the name Anne rather than Annie. She was the daughter of Samuel Edward Biddle (1845-1908) and Achsah Anna McQuiddy (1848-1921). Samuel E Biddle was born in Normandie, Bedford county, Tennessee on 15 September 1845. He attended schools in Normandie but enlisted into the Confederate army at the age of fifteen. He married Achsah Anna McQuiddy in Normandie on 6 January 1870 and they moved to California in 1874. Samuel became a miller, then a farmer and finally a very successful banker. Achsah Andrews was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson McQuiddy (1828-1915).For more details of Annie Dale's parents, see THIS LINK.
Annie Dale Biddle was the youngest of William and Achsah Biddle's seven children. These were: Tolbert Vance Biddle (1871-1954), who worked in a cigar store and later was a bookkeeper at a meat market; Eliza Jane Biddle (1874-1957), who married the merchant Julius Taylor; Samuel Edward Jr Biddle (1876-1946), who became a banker; Reta Hyde Biddle (1880-1972), who married Robert H Crawford, an auditor in the Railroad; Wallace Jefferson Biddle (1882-1961), who became a farm labourer; Kate Justina Biddle (1884-1984), who married Dallas Hurd Gray, a fruit grower; and Annie Dale Biddle (1885-1940), the subject of this biography.
Annie Biddle attended both the grammar and high schools in Hanford. The Hanford High School had been established in 1892 with one teacher, W S Cranmer, and graduated its first students in 1895. It began its existence in a room in the Hanford Bank, then moved to a house on Elm Street before its own building was constructed. Biddle graduated from the High School and entered the University of California in Berkeley. We learn something of her activities at Berkeley from the report in the Oakland Tribune of 16 April 1907 [23]:-
Miss Annie Biddle chosen President of Associated Students.We note that the Prytanean Women's Honor Society is the oldest collegiate women's honour society in the United States. It seeks to recognise and honour the scholastic achievement of undergraduate women, provide community service to the University and community, define positive roles, and encourage fellowship and leadership for women. As managing editor of the 1908 Blue and Gold, Biddle was editor of the University of California Berkeley Yearbook of 1908, which covered events, issues and trends within the student community.
Berkeley, 16 April 1907.
By the narrow margin of six votes, Miss Annie Biddle was yesterday elected over Miss Elsie Cole to the presidency of the Associated Women Students of the university. The count showed the vote to be 182 to 176. ... Miss Biddle, the president elect, made Phi Beta Kappa this last year and is a member of the Prytanean Society. She is one of the managing editors of the 1908 Blue and Gold and is a member of the committee for the Women's Dormitory Fund.
The mathematics department in which Biddle studied at Berkeley had been built up by Irving Stringham who had been appointed as head in 1882. In 1890 Mellen Woodman Haskell (1863-1948) was appointed to Berkeley. He had been an undergraduate at Harvard and then had undertaken research for his doctorate supervised by Felix Klein at Leipzig and Göttingen. He had been awarded his doctorate on 18 June 1889 and appointed as an Instructor in Mathematics at Berkeley. He was promoted to assistant professor at Berkeley in June of the following year. This was the first new professorial appointment in mathematics following the appointment of Stringham. They were joined by Derrick Norman Lehmer who was appointed as an instructor in mathematics in 1900. Also teaching mathematics at Berkeley when Biddle was a students was George Cunningham Edwards. He was born at Spencer, Indian Territory, on 18 June 1852. At the age of ten years Edwards went overland with his parents to San Francisco. After studying at the McClure Military Academy in Oakland and the College of California, he received the degree Ph.B. from the University of California in 1873. He was the third student to register at the University of California after it opened and from that time on was connected with the university as student, professor, and professor emeritus until his death on 19 November 1930. He was awarded the honorary degree of LL.D. by Berkeley in 1923. His life work was teaching mathematics at the University of California.
Calvin C Moore writes about the beginnings of the Department of Mathematics in Berkeley in [17]:-
The emphasis was on teaching, with some attention to research but not very much ... The first PhD degree granted by the department was in 1901. There was a gap until 1909, after which there were about two a year on average until the 1930s.Biddle was awarded an A.B. by Berkeley in 1908 and continued to study there for her PhD advised by Derrick Norman Lehmer and Mellen Woodman Haskell. Judy Green and Jeanne LaDuke give details of courses she took in [14]:-
As a student of pure mathematics she took courses in Synthetic Projective Geometry, the area of her research, with D N Lehmer; Theory of Functions (of a real variable, of a complex variable, and elliptic); Theory of Equations; Logic of Mathematics; Theory of Substitutions and Groups of Polyhedra; Theory of Invariants; Differential Geometry; and the Theory of Numbers.Samuel E Biddle, Annie's father, died on 7 May 1908 at the St Helena Sanatorium at Hanford. This, of course, had a major effect on the Biddle family. We see that at the 1900 Census Annie Biddle was at school and living with her parents, two older brothers and two older sisters, at 406 Central Avenue Hanford. After the death of her father, however, by the time of the 1910 Census she is at university, still living in the same house but now with her mother and three boarders.
In 1911, Biddle was awarded the W C T U Essay Prize, presented by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. This is recorded in [21] as being awarded to "Annie Dale Biddle A.B., candidate Ph.D., College of Letters."
Biddle submitted her PhD thesis Constructive theory of the unicursal plane quartic by synthetic methods in 1911. She was examined, with mathematics as a major subject and English literature as a minor subject, by a committee consisting of two mathematicians and one faculty member who was an expert on English literature. She was awarded the PhD in 1911 making her the first woman to be awarded a PhD in mathematics by Berkeley. Several sources state that there were only two Berkeley PhDs in mathematics at Berkeley before Biddle, namely: Frank Elmore Ross with thesis On Differential Equations Belonging to a Ternary Linearoid Group (1901) and advisor Washington Irving Stringham; and Henry Walter Stager with thesis On numbers which contain no factors of the form (1909) and advisor Derrick Norman Lehmer. There were, however, two or three other Berkeley PhDs between 1901 and 1911 which might count as mathematics but look more like physics.
Biddle's thesis was published in 1912; the Introduction begins as follows:-
In the following discussion the unicursal quartic is regarded from two points of view. Chapter I treats of the curve in its correspondence to a conic section through a quadratic reciprocal transformation. This leads to an interesting classification of unicursal quartics and affords a convenient and ready method for determining the form of the curve. Incidentally, it brings to light a geometrical application of the well known "Group of Four." In Chapter II the curve is defined as the locus of intersection of corresponding rays of two projective pencils of the second order. This develops properties of the curve not readily obtained in the other treatment. The discussion shows that the two definitions are not independent, but that each is supplementary to the other.After the award of her PhD, Biddle was employed as an instructor in mathematics at the University of Washington in Seattle for the academic year 1911-12. While studying at Berkeley she had become friends with William Samuel Andrews (1883-1952) who was awarded an LLB the University of California in 1906. After teaching for a year in Seattle, Biddle returned to the Berkeley area and married William S Andrews in Hanford on 7 October 1912. The Hanford Morning Journal of Saturday, 12 October 1912, reported on the wedding [18]:-
The most elaborate wedding to be celebrated in Hanford since the late spring, was the marriage on Monday evening, 7 October, of Miss Annie Dale Biddle of this city and William Samuel Andrews, a promising young attorney of San Francisco, the event being consummated in the Church of the Saviour, the Rev G R E MacDonald of Fresno officiating, with the Rev Ray O Miller as his assistant. ... The happy couple left on the Angel for the south, after a gay shower of rice, and from there will go by boat to San Francisco, being at home to their friends in Berkeley about 1 November. ... Mrs Andrews is a most gifted and popular young woman, and her hosts of friends in this city are tendering congratulations to the lucky groom upon his good fortune in winning her for a wife. The groom is a San Francisco attorney, connected with the firm of Charles H Wheeler, and is the only son of Mrs Mary Andrews of Berkeley.For a full description of the wedding, see THIS LINK.
Annie Dale and William Samuel Andrews had two children: a daughter, Wilhelmina Dale Andrews, born on 4 September 1913; and a son, William Samuel Andrews Jr., born six years later on 20 July 1919. We note that William Samuel Jr was Valedictorian of his Berkeley High School class, graduated from Berkeley in 1940, served as Naval Commander in World War II and after graduating from Boult Law School in 1948 had a distinguished law career. He married Camilla Waterman Austin on 29 June 1946 and died on 5 June 1991. Wilhelmina Dale Andrews gives her name on the 1940 Census as W Dale Andrews and her occupation as medical social worker at the county clinic.
Between the births of her two children, Annie Dale Andrews was employed by the Department of Mathematics in Berkeley. The University of California Chronicle of 1914 lists "Teaching Fellows: Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, Mathematics," see [20]. She held the Teaching Fellow position in 1914-16, then was an Assistant in Mathematics 1916-17. At the 1920 Census the family are living at 2816 Derby Street, Alameda, California and Annie Andrews does not give any occupation. After the birth of her second child in 1919, Andrews returned to teach at Berkeley being appointed as an Associate in Mathematics during 1920-23, and an Instructor in Mathematics during 1924-33. As an example of the courses she taught, we note that during 1922-23 she taught: Mathematical Theory of Investment; Plane Analytic Geometry and Differential Calculus; Solid Analytic Geometry, Integral Calculus, and Infinite Series; College Algebra; and Introduction to Projective Geometry. At the time of the 1930 Census, the Andrews family are living in Avalon Avenue, Berkeley, Alameda, California, and Annie Andrews gives her occupation as "Assistant Professor of Mathematics at the University."
In 1923 William and Annie Andrews made an extended visit to Europe. They sailed from Montreal on 6 July 1923 on the Mt Rose arriving in Glasgow, Scotland. They visited several places in Great Britain, Ireland, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland and Belgium. They returned sailing from Cherbourg, France on the President Van Buren, arriving in New York on 4 December 1923. The trip was in part a holiday and in part a business trip for William Andrews.
Beginning in 1932 the Department of Mathematics at Berkeley came under pressure to become more research oriented. Calvin C Moore writes in [17]:-
Haskell was scheduled to retire in 1933. But a year earlier, in 1932, some chairs of other science departments, notably chemistry, physics, and astronomy, together with President Spoul, his provost, and the campus Budget Committee, were all persuaded that the mathematics department needed to be seriously reconstituted and reorganised. It had fallen far behind these other departments in its research standing and intellectual distinction. A campus committee to review the department proposed the dismissal of a number of junior faculty not oriented towards research and that a distinguished leader from outside be brought in to remake the department. This proposal was unusual, coming in the depths of the Great Depression during a virtual hiring freeze. The decision was imposed from above by campus leadership and without consultation with the department, an action that produced some unhappiness.The three hundred and fourth meeting of the American Mathematical Society was held at Stanford University on Saturday 18 March 1933. There was a morning and an afternoon session attended by 26 members of the Society including Annie Andrews and Derrick Norman Lehmer, who presided at both sessions. Andrews gave the paper The space quartic of the second kind by synthetic methods and its Abstract, sent to the Society on 18 February 1933, was published in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. It reads:-
One set of rulings of a quadric surface and the tangent planes to a quadric cone K are put into projective one to one correspondence by means of a pencil of planes of the first order. The locus Q of points of intersection of corresponding elements is a space quartic of the second kind. To each point A of Q corresponds a , the locus of whose axes is a quadric cone . The various relations between K, Q, and are developed.Now up to this time Andrews had published no research papers while on the staff at Berkeley other than her PhD thesis. It is reasonable to assume that this paper, read to a meeting of the American Mathematical Society was a reaction to the pressure being put on the mathematics department at Berkeley to become more research oriented. It did not save her from dismissal, however, for her faculty position was terminated on 1 July 1933. The decision was made, apparently, on the grounds that dismissing other junior members of the department would cause them hardship while Andrews, married to a well-off lawyer, would not experience any hardship.
The authors of [14] write:-
While she was on the faculty, Andrews was involved with the Women's Faculty Club, Torch and Shield, and Town and Gown. Her husband noted soon after her death that "during the last few years of her life in addition to running her home and doing mathematical research she took an active interest in public affairs and charitable work."After two years of ill health, Annie Andrews died on 14 April 1940. At the time of the 1940 Census she was still at home at 200 Stonewall Road, Oakland, Alameda, California but, in addition to her husband, son and daughter, there was a cook and a nurse living in the house. The notice of her death published in the Oakland Tribune on 15 April 1940 reads [3]:-
In Oakland, April 14, 1940. Anne Biddle, beloved wife of William S Andrews, loving mother of Wilhelmine Dale and William S Andrews Jr., sister of Mrs Dallas H Gray, Mrs L C Taylor, S E, T Vance and W J Biddle; a native of California. Friends are invited to attend the services Tuesday afternoon, April 16, at 3 o'clock, at the Mausoleum Chapel of Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland.
References (show)
- A D B Andrews, The space quartic of the second kind by synthetic methods, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 39 (1939), 205-206.
- Annie Dale Andrews, findagrave.com (2024).
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/177396027/anne-dale-andrews - Anne Dale Andrews. Death Notice, Oakland Tribune (15 April 1940).
- Annie Dale Biddle, Mathematics Genealogy Project (2024).
https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=32109 - Annie Dale Biddle, ancestry.com (2024).
- Annie D Biddle, 1900 Census, ancestry.com (2024).
- Annie D Biddle, 1910 Census, ancestry.com (2024).
- Anna D Biddle, 1920 Census, ancestry.com (2024).
- Anne D Biddle, 1930 Census, ancestry.com (2024).
- Anne D Biddle, 1940 Census, ancestry.com (2024).
- Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, Women who Figure, Berkeley Library, University of California (2024).
https://exhibits.lib.berkeley.edu/spotlight/women-who-figure/catalog/20-874 - A D Biddle, Constructive theory of the unicursal plane quartic by synthetic methods, University of California Publications in Mathematics 1 (2) (1912), 27-54.
- Death claims pioneer mother - surcease from sorrow after lingering illness. Large family mourn her translation, The Hanford Sentinel, Hanford, California (Friday 18 February 1921).
- J Green and J LaDuke, Supplementary Material for Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's, American Mathematical Society (January 2016).
https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/books/postpub/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf - Marriage Licenses, Hanford Morning Journal (Tuesday, 8 October 1912).
- E Menefee and F A Dodge, Samuel Edward Biddle, in History of Tulare and Kings Counties California (1923).
http://genealogytrails.com/cal/kings/books/bio_1.html - C C Moore, Mathematics at Berkeley: A History (A K Peters, 2007).
- Most Elaborate Wedding, Hanford Morning Journal (Saturday, 12 October 1912).
- L Riddle, Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, Agnes Scott College (12 January 2022).
https://mathwomen.agnesscott.org/women/andrews.htm - Teaching Fellows, University of California Chronicle 16 (University of California Press, 1914), 217.
- W C T U Essay Prize, University of California Chronicle 13 (University of California Press, 1911), 348.
- O Williams, Annie Dale Biddle Andrews, prezi.com (31 January 2014).
https://prezi.com/bbonr-cq6h5p/annie-dale-biddle-andrews/ - Wins position of honor by margin of six votes, Oakland Tribune (16 April 1907).
- Women Mathematicians at Berkeley, University of California Berkeley (2024).
https://math.berkeley.edu/about/history/150-years-of-women-in-mathematics/women-in-mathematics
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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2025
Last Update March 2025