Errett Albert Bishop

Quick Info

Born
24 July 1928
Newton, Kansas, USA
Died
14 April 1983
San Diego, California, USA

Summary
Errett Bishop was an American mathematician who worked in analysis.

Biography

Errett Bishop's parents were Helen and Albert T Bishop. His father graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point and served in the U.S. army during World War I. After the war he was professor of mathematics at a number of universities before ending his career as Professor of Mathematics at Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, where poor health forced him to retire early. He died in 1933 when his son Errett was five years old. Despite dying before he could personally influence Errett towards mathematics, in fact he did have a very substantial influence since when Errett was a young boy he began to study the mathematics the textbooks which had belonged to his father. The family remained in the same family home in Newton after Albert's death and his books remained to excite young Errett. It is clear that Errett was a child prodigy but it was remarkable that he had a sister, Mary, who was two years younger than he was an was also a mathematical prodigy.

Errett did not find High School at all challenging and when he was sixteen, wanting to progress with his education in a way that was not happening at school, he applied and was accepted for a special scholarship program at the University of Chicago. Starting his university studies in 1944, Bishop graduated with a B.S. from Chicago in 1947 and continued to study for his Master's degree which was awarded in 1947. Bishop was joined in Chicago by his younger sister Mary who, as he had been, was accepted for the special scholarship program at the University of Chicago. Bishop had been taught by Paul Halmos when he was studying for his B.S. and it was Halmos who supervised his doctoral studies. However Bishop spent 1950-52 in the U.S. army. After completing his basic army training Bishop was sent to undertake mathematical research at the National Bureau of Standards. He was highly successful and received:-
Commendation ribbon with pendant for mathematical research in Army Ordnance.
Returning to Chicago in 1952 Bishop submitted his doctoral thesis Spectral Theory for Operations on Banach Spaces in 1954. Halmos said:-
As a student he was outstanding and with the writing of his thesis he became spectacular.
Having submitted his thesis, Bishop was appointed as an instructor in mathematics at the University of California at Berkeley. He was regularly promoted reaching the rank of full professor. During 1964-65, while retaining his professorship at the university, he spent the year at the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Berkeley. Then, in 1965, he accepted a professorship at the University of California at San Diego where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1982 he became ill with cancer and he died from the disease in the following year.

Bishop's work is so wide ranging that it is difficult to give an overview in a biography such as this. Let us look at the book Selected papers which was published in 1986 and reprints some of Bishop's most significant contributions. The book divided Bishop's papers into five categories:

(1) Polynomial and rational approximation. Examples are extensions of Mergelyan's approximation theorem and the theorem of Frigyes Riesz and Marcel Riesz concerning measures on the unit circle orthogonal to polynomials. Bishop found new methods in dealing with these problems;

(2) The general theory of function algebras. Here Bishop worked on uniform algebras (commutative Banach algebras with unit whose norms are the spectral norms) proving results such as antisymmetric decomposition of a uniform algebra, the Bishop-DeLeeuw theorem, and the proof of existence of Jensen measures. In 1965 Bishop wrote an excellent survey Uniform algebras examining the interaction between the theory of uniform algebras and that of several complex variables.

(3) Banach spaces and operator theory. An examples of a paper by Bishop on this topic is Spectral theory for operators on a Banach space (1957). He introduced the condition now called the Bishop condition which turned out to be very useful in the theory of decomposable operators.

(4) Several complex variables. Examples of Bishop's papers in this area are Analyticity in certain Banach spaces (1962). He proved important results in this area such as the biholomorphic embedding theorem for a Stein manifold as a closed submanifold in $\mathbb{C}^{n}$, and a new proof of Remmert's proper mapping theorem.

(5) Constructive mathematics. Bishop become interested in foundational issues around 1964, about the time he was at the Miller Institute. He wrote a famous text Foundations of constructive analysis (1967) which aimed to show that a constructive treatment of analysis is feasible. B van Rootselaar, reviewing the text, wrote:-
Inspiration has been taken from Brouwer's ideas modified so as to obtain a smoothly running piece of mathematics which may be considered as constructive and at the same time resembles classical mathematics as much as possible. The reasoning underlying the theory is mainly intuitionistic, avoiding the use of negation. However, a good deal of Brouwer's intuitionism is rejected, notably his notions of free choice sequences, spreads and the bar theorem. The non-constructive principle of classical reasoning "Either all elements of A have property P or there exists an element of A with property not P" (called the principle of omniscience) has to be avoided. This is generally done by restricting the notions in such a way that either the principle is trivially satisfied or no appeal to the principle is necessary.
Bishop was working on a revision of this text at the time of his death and this was completed and published as Constructive analysis in 1985 by Douglas Bridges:-
A striking feature of the revised text is that there are 93 entries in the bibliography, as compared to 17 in the original. Almost all of these references have appeared since the publication of the original, and most owe their existence to that work.
Many other areas of mathematics were given the constructive treatment by Bishop. In 1972 he published Constructive measure theory written in collaboration with Henry Cheng. In the following year Bishop published Schizophrenia in contemporary mathematics which gave his principles of constructivism. He listed:
(A) Mathematics is common sense;
(B) Do not ask whether a statement is true until you know what it means;
(C) A proof is any completely convincing argument;
(D) Meaningful distinctions deserve to be preserved.
Leonard R Haff, Murray Rosenblatt, and Stefan E Warschawski in an obituary of their colleague Bishop write:-
Errett Bishop will be remembered as one of the outstanding mathematicians in the world. He will be remembered for his sense of justice, for the integrity and dignity of his personal life.

References (show)

1. M Rosenblatt(ed.), Errett Bishop : reflections on him and his research, Proceedings of the memorial meeting for Errett Bishop held at the University of California, San Diego, California, September 24, 1983, Contemporary Mathematics 39 (Providence, RI, 1985).
2. E A Bishop, Schizophrenia in contemporary mathematics, in Errett Bishop : reflections on him and his research, San Diego, California, 1983, Contemp. Math. 39 (Providence, RI, 1985), 1-32.
3. I Glicksberg, The work of Errett Bishop and uniform algebras, in Errett Bishop : reflections on him and his research, San Diego, California, 1983, Contemp. Math. 39 (Providence, RI, 1985), 65-78.
4. J L Kelley, Recollections, in Errett Bishop : reflections on him and his research, San Diego, California, 1983, Contemp. Math. 39 (Providence, RI, 1985), 51-55.
5. B A Kushner, Markov and Bishop : an essay in memory of A A Markov (1903-1979) and E Bishop (1928-1983), in Golden years of Moscow mathematics, Hist. Math. 6 (Providence, RI, 1993), 179-197.
6. B A Kushner, A A Markov and Errett Bishop (Russian), Voprosy Istor. Estestvoznan. i Tekhn. (1) (1992), 70-81.
7. A Nerode, G Metakides and R Constable, Remembrances of Errett Bishop, in Errett Bishop : reflections on him and his research, San Diego, California, 1983, Contemp. Math. 39 (Providence, RI, 1985), 79-84.
8. S E Warschawski, Errett Bishop - in memoriam, in Errett Bishop : reflections on him and his research, San Diego, California, 1983, Contemp. Math. 39 (Providence, RI, 1985), 33-39.
9. J Wermer, The work of Errett Bishop on several complex variables, in Errett Bishop : reflections on him and his research, San Diego, California, 1983, Contemp. Math. 39 (Providence, RI, 1985), 41-50.