# Frank Nelson Cole

### Quick Info

Born
20 September 1861
Ashland, Massachusetts, USA
Died
26 May 1926
New York, USA

Summary
Frank Cole was an American mathematician whose main research contributions are to number theory, in particular to prime numbers, and to group theory.

### Biography

Frank Cole's parents were Frances Maria Pond and Otis Cole who came from a family which had been living in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, since the 17th century. Otis Cole was a farmer, a dealer in lumber having an involvement in manufacturing, who also had an interest in mathematics. After Frank graduated from High School in Marlboro, Massachusetts, he was privately tutored before he entered Harvard University in 1878. There his ability was recognised at once and he was awarded scholarships which not only helped him while studying for his A.B., awarded in 1882, but also a Parker Travelling Fellowship which paid for him to visit Leipzig during 1883-85 when he studied under Klein. The period spent with Klein was very profitable despite Klein's health being poor during this time when he suffered badly from depression. Cole also spent some time at Göttingen during these years spent in Germany and met there his future wife.

Cole returned to Harvard and wrote a thesis A Contribution to the Theory of the General Equation of the Sixth Degree which, as the title indicates, studied equations of degree 6. The topic had been suggested to him by Klein who was effectively his thesis supervisor. Cole presented this thesis to Harvard University, not to Göttingen University, for his Ph.D. which was awarded in 1886. While he completed writing his doctoral thesis, Cole had already begun to lecture at Harvard and he continued to lecture there until 1887. During the year 1887-88 Cole was a tutor at Harvard, then in the summer at the end of that academic year he married Martha Marie Streiff of Göttingen on 26 July; they had one daughter and three sons. In October 1888 he was appointed instructor at the University of Michigan, being promoted to assistant professor in the following year.

In 1895 Cole was appointed professor at Columbia University, a post which he held until his death. Soon after he arrived at Columbia University he was appointed as Secretary of the American Mathematical Society and he held this post from 1896 until 1920. This was not his only work for the American Mathematical Society for in 1897 he was appointed as Editor-in Chief of the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, holding this position until just before his death. He was vice president of the Society in 1921 but although he was offered the honour of being president of the American Mathematical Society, he turned it down.

His main research contributions are to number theory, in particular to prime numbers, and to group theory. In number theory he achieved the distinction of being the first to factor $2^{67} - 1$ and he did this using quadratic remainders. In fact
$2^{67} - 1 = 147573952589676412927 = 761838257287 \times 193707721$
which a computer will compute in a few seconds today. His contributions to factoring large numbers was published in 1903. His output of research papers was, however, fairly modest and he published only around 25 papers during his career. These publications include his doctoral dissertation in 1886 and a discussion of the icosahedron in 1887. He published The linear functions of a complex variable in the Annals of Mathematics in 1890 then, between the years 1891 to 1893, he found the complete list of simple groups with orders between 200 and 600. Another publication worth mentioning is The triad systems of thirteen letters which he published in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society in 1913.

Another important contribution to the theory of groups made by Cole was his work in publishing his English translation of Netto's book on group theory. This appeared as The theory of substitutions and its applications to algebra (A A Register Publishing Company, 1892) and was undertaken with Netto's agreement. In fact Netto revised the German text of his book so that the English translation by Cole could incorporate some improvements. It was the first book on group theory in English and was important in stimulating interest in group theory in the English speaking world. It was reprinted in 1964.

As a lecturer Cole was described as "truly inspiring" by Osgood, who was not in general one to give praise easily. He brought the latest mathematical research topics to his lectures and was a major factor in improving mathematical education at Harvard. Osgood and M Bôcher were among his students.

He established the Frank Nelson Cole Prizes in algebra and number theory and today these are highly prestigious awards. The way this came about was that when Cole ended his spell of twenty-five years of secretarial and editorial duties for the American Mathematical Society his fellow members of the Society were so appreciative of his contributions that they collected money to give him to show their recognition. It was this money that he chose not to accept, but to return it to the Society to set up the prize.

Cole is described by David Smith in [5] as follows:-
As a man Cole was admired by all who penetrated a certain reserve that was natural to him, as an executive he was faithful to every duty, as a teacher he was lavish of the time that he would give to those who proved their worth, and as a friend he was loyal to the last. He loved to take long walks in the country studying trees and wild flowers.
In fact Cole took his love of trees and wild flowers from his father, and in fact, as we mentioned near the beginning of this article, inherited his love of mathematics from the same source.

The biographical details we have given suggest that Cole's life was a rather straightforward one of devotion to mathematics and his family. However after he died a strange story came to light which has never been fully explained. Zund relates details in [6]:-
In 1926 Cole announced his intention to retire from Columbia in September of that year. However in late May, following surgery for an infected tooth, he died of heart failure at his home in New York City. Subsequently, it became known that he had been estranged from his family since 1908, and for the last two years he had lived in the Bronx under the assumed name of Edward Mitchell and pretended to be an "ordinary bookkeeper". The reason's for Cole's unusual behaviour, which generated much comment and speculation, were only partially explained after his death.

### References (show)

1. A B Chapman, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). See THIS LINK.
2. T S Fiske, Frank Nelson Cole, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 33 (1927), 773-777.
3. Obituary of Frank Nelson Cole, Amer. Math. Monthly 33 (1926), 238.
4. Obituary : Frank Nelson Cole, New York Times (27 May, 1926).
5. D E Smith, Frank Nelson Cole, Dictionary of American Biography IV (New York, 1930), 290.
6. J D Zund, Frank Nelson Cole, American National Biography 5 (Oxford, 1999), 208-209.