Gaetano Fichera

Quick Info

Born
8 February 1922
Acireale, Catania, Sicily, Italy
Died
1 June 1996
Rome, Italy

Summary
Gaetano Fichera was an Italian mathematician who worked in mathematical analysis, linear elasticity, partial differential equations and several complex variables.

Biography

Gaetano Fichera's parents were Giuseppe Fichera and Marianna Abate. Giuseppe and Marianna had four children, all sons, and Gaetano was the eldest. Giuseppe Fichera had graduated with his laurea in mathematics from the University of Catania in 1921. He had been a student of Bernardino Gaetano Scorza, who taught at Catania from 1916 to 1920, and Giuseppe had become an expert on the theory of group representations. After Scorza moved to Naples, Giuseppe Fichera became an assistant to Mauro Picone who was appointed Head of Mathematics at Catania in 1921. However, after Giuseppe Fichera's second son was born, he left university teaching to become a secondary school teacher of mathematics. This was forced on him since it was better paid than a university assistant and, with a young family to support, he had to bring in a higher income. However, Giuseppe Fichera remained a close friend of Picone all his life and this was to have a considerable beneficial effect on the young Gaetano.

Having an excellent mathematician for a father, it is not surprising that the young Gaetano quickly developed a deep love for the subject. His secondary education at the local liceo classico only lasted two years and, in 1937 he entered the University of Catania to study mathematics. There he studied under Pia Nalli who had been appointed to the chair of algebraic analysis in 1927. She had made substantial contributions to analysis, particularly with her survey article Esposizione e confronto critico delle diverse definizioni proposte per l'integrale definito di una funzione limitata o no (1914). However, by the time Fichera was studying with her, Nalli had become interested in tensorial calculus. After two years at the University of Catania, Fichera went to Rome in 1939 to study with Mauro Picone. He was awarded his laurea, with distinction, in 1941 and remained in Rome as an assistant to Picone. He was also a researcher at Picone's Istituto Nazionale per le Applicazioni del Calcolo which had a very significant effect on his future mathematical studies [11]:-
This situation exerted a considerable influence on the scientific training of Gaetano Fichera. In fact, he was in an institute where problems of pure mathematics were studied together with others posed by industry, engineering and applied sciences. Therefore, the output of Gaetano Fichera belongs in part to pure mathematics, in part to its applications to physical mathematics. In both these fields he obtained important results that made him famous throughout the mathematical world.
After Italy entered World War II in June 1940, the Institute worked on military applications as part of the war effort. However, the war was to have a far greater impact on the young Fichera for, in February 1943 when he reached the age of 21, he was called up to fight. Fichera refused to join the Italian army because it collaborated with Nazi Germany.

After being called up into the army on 1 February 1943, Fichera deserted but he was captured in September 1943 by Nazi troops and imprisoned in Teramo. By this time Italy had surrendered to the allies and declared war on Germany. After a while Fichera was sent, still as a prisoner of the Germans but by now condemned to death, to Verona but he managed to escape from there on his third attempt and headed for Emilia-Romagna where he came across a group of partisans. The partisans questioned Fichera who told them that he was a mathematician. This immediately made them suspicious but one of the group, Giorgio Pescarini, was a mathematics teacher and he questioned Fichera to test whether he really was a mathematician. Of course, his answers quickly convinced Pescarini, and therefore the whole group of partisans, that Fichera was genuine. Fichera later jokingly remarked that this event effectively proved that mathematics could be useful in everyday life. Fichera lived with the partisans in Alfonsine near Ravenna, fighting against the Germans, as the end of the war approached. He became a close friend of sister Giocondiana who was a nurse at a hospital. German forces in Italy surrendered in April 1945 and a ceasefire was declared. One of the group of partisans which included Fichera described the last hours of the war:-
We had just gone to bed when we heard the roar of a plane and immediately heard the explosion of a bomb. It had not fallen very far from us, but luckily there were no victims nor was any damage done. An anti-aircraft battery, about fifty yards from where we were, opened fire then stopped. It was the last flicker of war that we had to endure. The next night someone knocked on our door: it was three Englishmen who were part of that battery with two German prisoners. When they asked if there was someone who spoke English, Gaetano came forward and spoke to the three British soldiers in a very nonchalant manner. Then he turned to the two Germans, spoke to them in their own language, translating what they said for the British. Finished questioning the British thanked Gaetano and all of us, saluted us, and left taking the prisoners with them. For us it was a pleasant surprise to discover that Gaetano, although so young, as well as being a graduate in mathematics, could speak two foreign languages with ease, something very rare in those days.
After the German surrender, Fichera remained in Alfonsine with the partisans for several months. He left together with sister Giocondiana and the two went to Rome. However, their relationship did not last. Back in Rome, Fichera resumed working for Picone where he became 'Libero Docente' in mathematical analysis in 1948; this is similar to the habilitation and gives the right to lecture in universities. In the same year he published Teoremi di completezza sulla frontiera di un dominio per taluni sistemi di funzioni . He writes in the introduction:-
The first part will extend some theorems on the potential theory of surfaces. Then we establish uniqueness theorems for the boundary value problems for harmonic functions considered in a certain class. Finally, from these are deduced completeness theorems concerning Hilbert function spaces for certain systems of functions.
The methods Fichera used were based on those which had been developed by his teacher Picone. In 1949 he published the important paper Analisi esistenziale per le soluzioni dei problemi al contorno misti, relativi all'equazione e ai sistemi di equazioni del secondo ordine di tipo ellittico, autoaggiunti on uniqueness and existence of solutions of certain mixed boundary value problems. In the same year he entered the competition for a chair of mathematics at the University of Trieste. Renato Caccioppoli, who was at the University of Naples, was one of the referees who recommended Fichera for this chair. In fact he had also been a referee one year earlier when Fichera received his 'Libero Docente'. After this Fichera and Caccioppoli remained close friends until Caccioppoli's death in 1959. While in Trieste, he met Matelda Colautti; they married in 1952 (she is the author of the book [2] about Fichera's life). In 1956 Fichera moved to Rome when appointed to the chair of mathematical analysis at La Sapienza, the University of Rome. Three years later he moved to the chair of higher analysis, still at La Sapienza.

M Zerner, reviewing [3], writes:-
Gaetano Fichera was at the heart of the important developments connecting physics (mostly elasticity), functional analysis and the theory of partial differential equations and inequalities which took place after WWII, many of them in Italy where the mathematical study of the mechanics of continuous media was a well-established tradition. ... Fichera had by no means a narrow view of his subject and was led to contribute to other parts of mathematics, one being the theory of functions of several complex variables ... [The Cialdea and Lanzara article contains] an impressive list of Fichera's works: 256 articles published between 1941 and 1999 and 18 books. A remarkable feature is that the rhythm of publication was already the same before the "publish or perish" era.
More details of his research is given by Giuseppe Grioli in [11]:-
In pure mathematics Gaetano Fichera achieved considerable results in the following fields: mixed boundary value problems of elliptic equations; generalized potential of a simple layer; second order elliptic-parabolic equations; well posed problems; weak solutions; semicontinuity of quasi-regular integrals of the calculus of variations; two-sided approximation of the eigenvalues of a certain type of positive operators and computation of their multiplicity; uniform approximation of a complex function f(z); extension and generalization of the theory for potentials of simple and double layer; specification of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the passage to the limit under integral sign for an arbitrary set; analytic functions of several complex variables; solution of the Dirichlet problem for a holomorphic function in a bounded domain with a connected boundary, without the strong conditions assumed by Francesco Severi in a former study; construction of a general abstract axiomatic theory of differential forms; convergence proof of an approximating method in numerical analysis and explicit bounds for the error.
His works in applied mathematics and mathematical physics:-
... concern the existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions. Such studies regard above all the mathematical theory of linear elastostatics, in particular the mixed boundary problem and Signorini's problem, that is the problem of the equilibrium of an elastic body with a unilateral support constraint on a part of its boundary. The situation requires boundary conditions expressed by inequalities. Other studies regard the energy approach to the Saint-Venant's problem. Many papers concerning the theory of materials with memory contain interesting observations on the concept of 'fading memory'. The results of Gaetano Fichera in this field give useful information on the analytical structure of the 'memory kernel'. Some mathematical research concerned electrology and biology.
In addition to this work in pure mathematics and mathematical physics, Fichera also made some important contributions to the history of mathematics. He wrote on the life and work of a number of mathematicians: Solomon Grigoryevich Mikhlin, Francesco Severi, Guido Fubini, Luigi Fantappiè, Pia Nalli, Mauro Picone, Francesco Giacomo Tricomi, Alexander Weinstein, Vito Volterra, Renato Caccioppoli, Bruno de Finetti, and Maria Adelaide Sneider. He also wrote a valuable study on Archimedes.

Fichera was an outstanding lecturer, giving fascinating valuable lectures. He was an incredibly hard worker, and this was reflected in his lectures which he revised every year. He always said that any teacher who gives the same lectures two years running is lazy. Wolfgang Wendland, who was a student of Fichera, writes in [25]:-
He was an extraordinary, real gentleman, very handsome and impressive, being polite and kind to us youngsters; caring even for my work and giving advice in the discussions. His lectures were tastefully prepared and delivered in elegance with brilliant clarity.
He published several textbooks based on lecture courses he had delivered and also monographs on the work being undertaken by his research tem in Rome. He published Lezioni sulle trasformazioni lineari. Introduzione all'analisi lineare , the first volume of an intended three volume work, in 1954:-
Throughout the book the author gives special attention to methods and results having applications in the theory of partial differential equations.
Also in 1954, Fichera published the two volume treatise Trattato di analisi matematica . In 1965 he published Linear elliptic differential systems and eigenvalue problems. H F Weinberger begins a review as follows:-
These lecture notes are devoted to two closely related topics: the theory of elliptic boundary value problems, and the approximation of eigenvalues of elliptic operators. The author's most remarkable achievement is the presentation, in a lucid style accessible to any graduate student with some familiarity with functional analysis, of the $L_{2}$ regularity theory of elliptic systems on bounded domains.
In 1967, in collaboration with Luciano de Vito, he published Funzioni analitiche di una variabile complessa . In the following year he published another set of lecture notes Lezioni sulla teoria spettrale degli operatori :-
In this detailed set of lectures the author starts with the definition of a Hilbert space. He develops the elementary geometrical properties and culminates with proofs of the spectral theorems for Hermitian and unitary operators.
He published an English translation of his 1974 Italian text as Numerical and quantitative analysis in 1978. However, the English edition contains extra chapters bringing the book up-to-date. Alan Andrew writes in a review:-
This book succeeds in its main purpose which is to give a systematic summary of the research of the author and his students since the 1950's. In order to put their results in perspective, relevant results of others are discussed where appropriate. The emphasis is on obtaining rigorous bounds for desired quantities. This contrasts with much current work on differential equations where "error bounds" commonly involve unspecified constants. Most of the author's work has been formulated in a rather abstract setting but practical aspects are emphasized here. ... The book contains important results previously widely scattered in the literature. [It] provides a compact and convenient reference which will be useful to research workers in areas related to those covered here. It should be in all university libraries.
In 1985 Fichera published another book based on his lectures on mathematical physics, namely Problemi analitici nuovi nella fisica matematica classica . It treats several different topics in linear elasticity.

References (show)

1. A Cialdea (ed.), Homage to Gaetano Fichera (Seconda Univ. Napoli, Caserta, 2000).
2. M Colautti Fichera, ... ed è subito sera... La lunga, brevissima vita di Gaetano Fichera (Rome, 2007).
3. A Cialdea and F Lanzara, Some contributions of G Fichera to the theory of partial differential equations, in Homage to Gaetano Fichera (Seconda Univ. Napoli, Caserta, 2000), 79-143.
4. M Colautti Fichera, Elenco delle pubblicazioni di Gaetano Fichera, Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti Lincei, Matematica e Applicazioni 9 8 (1) (1997), 14-33.
5. C Cosentini, Ricordo del Prof. Gaetano Fichera, socio d'onore (Italian), Memorie e Rendiconti della Accademia di scienze, lettere e belle arti degli Zelanti e dei Dafnici, Serie IV 6 (1996), 429-434.
6. D Galletto, Ricordo di Gaetano Fichera a dieci anni dalla morte, Atti Ufficiali dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 2004-2006 (2007), 135-142.
7. A M Gasca, Gaetano Fichera (1922-1996), Lettera dall'Italia 11 (43-44) (1996), 114-115.
8. G Grioli, Remembrance of Gaetano Fichera (Italian), Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 174 (1998), iii-iv.
9. G Grioli, In memoriam Professor Gaetano Fichera (1922-1996), GAMM Mitt. Ges. Angew. Math. Mech. 21 (1) (1998), 7-8.
10. G Grioli, Ricordo di Gaetano Fichera [1922-1996], Rend. Accad. Naz. Sci. XL Mem. Mat. Appl. (5) 20 (1) (1996), 221-224.
11. G Grioli, Gaetano Fichera (1922-1996), Meccanica 32 (1997), 259-260.
12. A Kósa, Mauro Picone e Gaetano Fichera, Italia & Italy (30 March 2006), 36-38.
13. P Lax, Thoughts on Gaetano Fichera, Rend. Accad. Naz. Sci. XL Mem. Mat. Appl. (5) 30 (2006), 1.
14. List of publications of Gaetano Fichera, Appl. Anal. 65 (1-2) (1997), 3-18.
15. V Maz'ya, In memory of Gaetano Fichera, in P E Ricci (ed.), Problemi attuali dell'analisi e della fisica matematica, Taormina, 1998 (Aracne, Rome, 2000), 1-4.
16. C S Morawetz, A memory of Gaetano Fichera, Rend. Accad. Naz. Sci. XL Mem. Mat. Appl. (5) 30 (2006), 3-5.
17. U Mosco and P E Ricci, Volume dedicated to Gaetano Fichera, Rend. Accad. Naz. Sci. XL Mem. Mat. Appl. (5) 30 (2006), vii-ix.
18. F Nicolosi and P E Ricci, In memory of Gaetano Fichera (Italian), Matematiche (Catania) 62 (2) (2007), 3-5.
19. O A Oleinik, The scientific work of Gaetano Fichera, in Problemi attuali dell'analisi e della fisica matematica, Taormina, 1992 (Univ. Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, 1993), 7-29.
20. On the 80th birthday of Gaetano Fichera, in Homage to Gaetano Fichera (Seconda Univ. Napoli, Caserta, 2000), xi-xiv.
21. P E Ricci and R P Gilbert, A short biography of Gaetano Fichera [1922-1996], Appl. Anal. 65 (1-2) (1997), 1-2.
22. R S Rivlin, Biography: Gaetano Fichera, Applicable Anal. 15 (1-4) (1983), 3-6.
23. G Salvini, Salute to Gaetano Fichera on his 70th birthday (Italian), in Problemi attuali dell'analisi e della fisica matematica, Taormina, 1992 (Univ. Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, 1993), 1-6.
24. G Tomassini, Gaetano Fichera's contribution to complex analysis (Italian), in Homage to Gaetano Fichera (Seconda Univ. Napoli, Caserta, 2000), 325-333.
25. W Wendland, In memory of Gaetano Fichera, Matematiche (Catania) 62 (2) (2007), 7-9.