Fern Yvette Hunt


Quick Info

Born
14 January 1948
New York City, USA

Summary
Fern Hunt worked at Howard University and at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. She has made contributions to applied probability, dynamical systems, and mathematical biology. She has received awards for mentoring and promoting mathematics at high school, undergraduate, and graduate levels, especially for women and minorities

Biography

Fern Hunt is the daughter of Thomas Edward Hunt and Daphne Lindsay. Thomas Edward Hunt was born in New York City on 3 July 1915. Thomas's parents were Caribbean immigrants to the United States before World War I who hoped for more opportunities for people of colour. Thomas was drafted to serve in the U.S. Army and registered on 16 August 1940. He returned from army service in 1946 and, on 2 December 1946, he took out a marriage license in Manhattan, New York City, to marry Daphne E Lindsay. Daphne was born in New York City in May 1918 to parents who were immigrants from Jamaica and the West Indies. She had attended Wadleigh High School for Girls in Harlem, graduating in 1936. She then studied at Hunter College for two years but had to leave due to lack of financial support. She played the piano and composed music. The family lived in West 62nd Street, Manhattan, in one of the Amsterdam Houses which replaced old tenements in Manhattan between Amsterdam Avenue and West End Avenue, and had just been completed. They were living in that house at the time of the 1950 U.S. Census which records Thomas Hunt as a mail handler working for the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York. This census record does contain strange errors giving Fern's mother the name Pattne and recording two year old Fern Y Hunt as being married! Thomas and Daphne Hunt had a second daughter, Erica Hunt, born on 12 March 1955 [6]:-
Erica Hunt is a poet, essayist, and author. Her poetry practice incorporates the personal, the political, and the avant-garde. ... Hunt graduated with a B.A. in English from San Francisco State University in 1980 and she received an M.F.A. from Bennington College in 2013. She is on the Board of the Proteus Fund.
After the birth of Erica, Daphne went back to work as a transcriptionist for the city of New York.

In [17] Fern Hunt described her childhood. She said she was:-
... a difficult kid who resented being told what to do. I was a little spoiled, probably ... and I was not a terrifically outgoing person.
The Amsterdam Houses area was a pleasant place to live with trees and greenery in the midst of the city. Fern, however, was bullied by the other children when she was young for being dark skinned. She began her schooling at P.S. 141, one of the many New York public schools (the P.S. stand for Public School). At first she did not take school seriously and did not try to do well. When she was about seven she realised that the classes were split up in terms of ability and that she had been put into a "slow" class. She then made an effort to improve her reading skills and by the end of the year she had made a considerable improvement [17]:-
I started slightly below normal in reading and ended up reading a grade or two above by the end of the year.
By the time she reached the third grade Fern was transferred to P.S. 191, the Amsterdam School. Being now in the top classes did not mean that she was treated as well as she felt she deserved by her teachers who were almost all white [17]:-
This often meant that some of the smaller-minded ones tended not to pay very much attention to you. You didn't get very much encouragement at all.
At this stage her favourite subjects were geography and chemistry. She explained where her love for chemistry came from [9]:-
My initial intellectual interest was not in mathematics but in science. My mother (for some reason) decided to give me a Gilbert chemistry set for Christmas when I was 9. Fired up, I began performing chemistry experiments and learning about the science behind them.
Moving up from primary schools, Hunt entered the La Salle Junior High School 17 located at 347 West 47th Street in Manhattan. This school no longer exists; it closed in 2006. At this school she was particularly encouraged by Charles Wilson, an African-American, who ran the school science club and was her science teacher for grades 8 and 9. She was awarded third prize for her first science project on paper chromatography. Around this time she became more interested in mathematics but continued to have an interest in science [17]:-
I began to get more of an aesthetic sense of mathematics when I started doing algebra. I think I did so well because it was a body of knowledge where things fit together. There was some structure, and that fit with my sense and appreciation of structures. It wasn't arbitrary pieces of facts, higgledy-piggledy, but some kind of inherent relationships between facts. That began to change my attitude toward mathematics. But I still didn't see myself as a mathematician because the people around me who were good at maths were boys - and white.
Wilson clearly saw Hunt's potential, however, and told her about the Saturday Science Program at Columbia University. This proved important for her future since she attended this and the Program convinced her that she wanted to study mathematics. As she approached the end of her studies at the Junior High School, Wilson encouraged her to apply to the Bronx High School of Science.

In 1962 Hunt entered the very selective Bronx High School of Science. This school had a high reputation and when it celebrated the 25th anniversary of its founding in 1963, President John F Kennedy said it was:-
... a significant and pathfinding example of a special program devoted to the development of the student gifted in science and mathematics.
Despite its high reputation, Hunt was not very happy at this school feeling that most of her fellow students were only interest in getting high paid jobs and were not actually interested in scientific ideas. She also felt that her teachers were only interested in their pupils getting good marks and did not try to make them enthusiastic about ideas or foster their curiosity [7]:-
She disliked her overall experience, which was caused by an unbalanced socioeconomic demographic and gender ratio. She also did not have a social life during her high school years. Hunt's interest in academics was her priority. She became discontent with chemistry and chose to develop her interest in mathematics and began independently reading books on the subject.
Among the mathematics books she read at this time, which all thrilled her more than what she was being taught at the school, were Warwick Sawyer's A Concrete Approach to Abstract Algebra, Carl Olds' Continued Fractions, and Ivan Niven's Numbers: Rational and Irrational. She also read about Mendel's genetic research on peas, and this excited her. She graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1965, in the top third of her class, but her performance was poorer than she felt it should have been. She blamed this on her "mediocre study habits" and her "love for television, movies and music."

Given advice by the United Negro College Fund and encouraged by her mother, she applied to study mathematics at Bryn Mawr College which she felt was the most rigorous of the women's colleges. At first she found difficulties adjusting to university style studies but soon she was doing well. She said [17]:-
There were things that were very positive about the college. There were a lot of very smart people; I learned a great deal from the other students. I learned about anthropology, psychology, things that normally I wouldn't have learned about at all had I gone to a large university. ... Going to a large university would have been like my high school experience; I would have continued in a certain groove. But as it was, in the setting of a small college, I encountered people who had very different interests and who were coming from a different social class and background. So that was very positive. I did a great deal of reading when I was in college - general reading. I wasn't that good a student.
She suffered a difficult experience during the summer break after two years at Bryn Mawr. Offered a summer job in engineering at New London, Connecticut, she went there believing accommodation was arranged for her but it was not available. She tried to arrange her own accommodation but everywhere she tried turned her away because she was black. Although she had suffered some discrimination in New York, she had the support of her family. Now she was without their support and it was the first time she had come across such overt discrimination. It had a major influence on her, in particular, she found support in religion.

At Bryn Mawr she was taught by Martin Avery Snyder (1943-2024) who was a graduate of the Episcopal Academy, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Courant Institute of New York University, where he was awarded a PhD in Applied Mathematics. During her junior year he encouraged Hunt apply to study for a Ph.D. at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. She majored in mathematics at Bryn Mawr and was awarded a B.A. in 1969.

Hunt was awarded a scholarship to attend the Courant Institute and studied for a Master's degree. She was awarded an M.S. in 1971 but only given grade B. She required an A to keep her scholarship when continuing to undertake research for her Ph.D. so after two years at the Institute she left and took a job teaching mathematics at the City College of New York. After a while she felt ready to return to the Courant Institute and was awarded a Martin Luther King Scholarship by New York University to fund her studies. She joined fellow postgraduate students who had formed a New York Mathematics society for Black Students and received great support from her fellow students. In fact a fellow student, on hearing Hunt saying she was interested in mathematical biology, put her in touch with Frank Hoppensteadt. Frank Charles Hoppensteadt (born 1938) worked on mathematical biology and dynamical systems and had been awarded a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1965 for his thesis Singular perturbations on the infinite interval. He was a professor at the Courant Institute from 1968 to 1979. He became Hunt's thesis advisor and gave her the confidence that she needed [17]:-
He had confidence in me. And he was a strong and good enough person to say so. He didn't say it often, but he said it. It's what I probably needed to hear. I came to him with a lot of skills. I think I was twenty-seven years old when I started working with him, so I was a little older with a lot of maths under my belt, so I wasn't green in that sense. Even so, he somehow seemed to be able to pace me. He knew how much to give me and how much I could do, but he did not baby me. He didn't give me any breaks when it comes right down to it. He gave me a chance, and he expected me to perform, and he said I was capable of doing it and capable of pursuing a career in mathematics. He treated me like a professional, a fellow professional.
In 1974 Hunt attended the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Vancouver, British Columbia [20]:-
The trip was a reward to myself for having passed the oral preliminary examination the previous year.
In 1977 Hoppensteadt moved from the Courant Institute to the University of Utah and Hunt went to Utah with him to complete her thesis. Returning to New York University she defended her thesis over Christmas 1977 and was awarded a Ph.D. in 1978 for her thesis Genetic and Spatial Variation in some Selection-Migration Models. The abstract reads [18]:-
The spatial and temporal dynamics of a one-locus, two-allele genetic trait are studied for a population having a limited carrying capacity. First, the trait is studied in a population at one site when selection is slowly acting. The dynamics are described in this case by an approximate solution that is constructed by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Next, the effects on this system of population dispersal are studied, and conditions are determined for dispersive instability and patch formation in this genetic system. Finally, a discrete time, discrete space Markov Chain model is formulated for the dispersal-selection system. This model is studied for stable genetic clines (static states). This entails construction of a stationary (invariant) distribution by a perturbation scheme that is based on the method of Newton polygons.
She gives the following Acknowledgements [18]:-
I am happy to acknowledge the generous help and encouragement of my thesis advisor Frank Hoppensteadt. I would also like to thank J Mac Hyman for his help with the numerical work and the use of his Method of Lines package.

Friends and fellow students have been a warm and sustaining influence throughout my career, especially during the time this thesis was prepared. I am very grateful for this. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my mother and sister, and to the memory of my father Thomas E Hunt.
During her time at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1974 she had met James Ashley Donaldson (1941-2019). They met again when he visited the Courant Institute in 1975. He was the head of mathematics at Howard University and told Hunt about the new PhD program at Howard. Impressed with Hunt, he told her to look him up after completing her Ph.D. if she wanted an academic job. After completing her thesis she took Donaldson up on his offer and visited Howard University. She was offered and accepted the position of assistant professor in Howard University's Mathematics Department in 1978.

Hunt published two papers in 1980: On the persistence of spatially homogeneous solutions of a population genetics model with slow selection; and Genetic variation in patch populations. The first was reviewed by Klaus Schneider who writes [22]:-
The author considers a mathematical model of a non-constant population with a genetic trait determined by one locus and two alleles.
The second was reviewed by Tore Schweder who writes [23]:-
A deterministic dispersion-growth model is considered for a large genetically structured population (red algae) living on a fixed linear patch. There are three subpopulations corresponding to the genotypes determined by two alleles of a gene at a single locus. Mendelian mating is assumed and the effect of slow selection is studied, i.e. birth, death and dispersion rates are almost identical over genotypes. By the method of matched asymptotic expansions a solution is obtained and it is shown that the patch size plays a critical role in determining the ultimate gene frequencies.
Hunt worked at Howard University until 1993 but she took out the year 1981-82 to work at the mathematical biology laboratory at the National Institutes of Health. By 1986, although still holding the position at Howard University, Hunt was also working at the Center for Computing and Applied Mathematics in the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg. As an example of work she did at this time we note she wrote two papers on computing fractal dimension with Francis E Sullivan who worked at the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg on topics including Monte Carlo integration, Banach spaces, and the Monte Carlo method in statistical physics. The first of these joint papers is Efficient algorithms for computing fractal dimension (1986) which begins as follows [19]:-
Our purpose is to describe a new class of methods for computing the "capacity dimension" and related quantities for point-sets. The techniques presented here build on existing work which has been described in the literature. The novelty of our methods lies first in the approach taken to the definition of computation of dimension (namely, via Monte Carlo calculation of the volume of an ε-cover of the point-set), and second in the use of data structures which result in extremely efficient codes for vector computers such as the Cyber 205 (the computation is reduced to the sorting and searching of one-dimensional arrays so that a calculation employing one million points requires less than 2 minutes).
In 1993 Hunt left Howard University and worked at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). In [14] she described her work at the NIST:-
As a mathematician at NIST, my primary responsibility is to conduct mathematical and computational research in areas that support the development of measurement-based science for information technology, material sciences, and biotechnology. I have frequently done this by collaborating directly with other NIST scientists. For example, I have worked with physicists and engineers on a project involving the measurement of the reflectance properties of coated surfaces especially when subjected to the effects of weathering and fading. As an agency in the Department of Commerce the purpose of research done at NIST is to support the needs of U.S. industry.
In [25] her NIST entry records that she has co-authored 40 publications on topics including Markov chains, Markov models, Invariant measure, and Optimization problems.

Hunt was named a 2019 Fellow of the American Mathematical Society [27]:-
... for outstanding applications of mathematics to science and technology, exceptional service to the US government, and for outreach and mentoring.
On 7 October 2019 Hunt was named a 2020 Association for Women in Mathematics Fellow for [28]:-
... her exceptional commitment to outreach and mentoring; for her sustained efforts to make the Association for Women in Mathematics organisation more inclusive; for her service to higher education and government; and for inspiring those underrepresented in mathematics with her work in ergodic theory, probability, and computation
On 8 June 2020 Hunt received the Arthur S Flemming Award at the 51st annual Flemming Awards ceremony and banquet at the Cosmos Club in Washington, DC. Established in 1948, the awards are given to outstanding federal employees [10]:-
Hunt was recognised for a sustained record of fundamental contributions to probability and stochastic modelling, mathematical biology, computational geometry, nonlinear dynamics, computer graphics, and parallel computing. Hunt was also cited for the impact of her work in her extensive close collaborations with scientists and engineers seeking to apply these developments to diverse problems of scientific and technological interest. Examples include flow in complex geometries, modelling of micromagnetic devices, study of optical reflection, image rendering in computer graphics, and visualisation of genetic sequences. Hunt's was also cited for her outstanding dedication to the mathematics profession. She has been a mentor and leading proponent of careers in mathematics for students at the high school, undergraduate, and graduate levels, especially for women and minorities.


References (show)

  1. 11 Famous African American Mathematicians You Should Know About, Mashup Math (5 February 2024).
  2. K Ambruso, Fern Y Hunt, Mathematical Association of America (2020).
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200214074434/https://www.maa.org/fern-y-hunt
  3. L Crowe, Interview of Fern Hunt, The HistoryMakers (14 September 2012).
    https://www.thehistorymakers.org/sites/default/files/A2012_223_EAD.pdf
  4. Dr Fern Y Hunt, Mathematical and Computational Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (2025).
    https://math.nist.gov/~FHunt/
  5. Dr Fern Hunt: Powerful Faces of Mathematics: Fern Hunt, ORIGO Education (2025).
    https://www.origoeducation.com/mathematicians/fern-hunt-biodiversity-and-mathematics
  6. Erica Hunt, Foundation for Contemporary Arts (2025).
    https://www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org/recipients/erica-hunt/
  7. Fern Hunt, Biographical Description for The HistoryMakers, The HistoryMakers (2025).
    https://www.thehistorymakers.org/sites/default/files/A2012_223_EAC.pdf
  8. Fern Hunt, The HistoryMakers (2025).
    https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/fern-hunt
  9. Fern Hunt, Mathematically Gifted & Black (2017).
    https://mathematicallygiftedandblack.com/honorees/fern-hunt/
  10. Fern Hunt Receives Arthur S Flemming Award, NIST Applied & Computational Mathematics Division (June 2000).
    https://math.nist.gov/mcsd/highlights/hunt-award.html
  11. Fern Hunt: Mathematician, career girls (2025).
    https://www.careergirls.org/role-models/mathematician-1/?hilite=Fern+Hunt
  12. Fern Hunt: Mathematical Research and the World of Nature, Careers that Count, Association for Women in Mathematics (1991).
    https://awm-math.org/resources/careers/careers-that-count/6/
  13. Fern Y Hunt: Mathematicians Quiz, National Center for Education Statistics (2025).
    https://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/grabbag/mathquiz/mathresult.asp?coolest=j
  14. Fern Y Hunt, Math Drives Careers (April 2015).
    https://ww2.amstat.org/mam/2015/highlighted/MAM%202015%20profile_Hunt.pdf
  15. Fern Y Hunt Named Fellow of the Association for Women in Mathematics (FAWM), National Institute of Standards and Technology (8 October 2019).
    https://www.nist.gov/awards/fern-y-hunt-named-fellow-association-women-mathematics-fawm
  16. C Henrion, Women in Mathematics: The Addition of Difference (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1997).
  17. C Henrion, Fern Hunt, in Donald J Albers and Gerald L Alexanderson (eds.), Fascinating Mathematical People: Interviews and Memoirs (Princeton University Press, 2011), 193-214.
  18. F Hunt, Genetic and Spatial Variation in Some Selection-Migration Models, Ph.D. Thesis (New York University, 1978).
  19. F Hunt and F Sullivan, Efficient algorithms for computing fractal dimension, in G Mayer-Kress (ed.), Dimensions and Entropies in Chaotic Systems (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1986), 74-81.
  20. F Y Hunt, James Donaldson as Activist and Administrator, Notices of the American Mathematical Society 68 (2) (2021), 223-224.
  21. M Khoury, Fern Hunt, EBSCO Knowledge Advantage (2022).
    https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/technology/fern-hunt
  22. K R Schneider, Review: On the persistence of spatially homogeneous solutions of a population genetics model with slow selection, by Fern Hunt, Mathematical Reviews MR0596173 (82b:92033).
  23. T Schweder, Review: Genetic variation in patch populations, Mathematical Reviews MR0596174 (82f:92030).
  24. Thomas E Hunt, 1950 US Census, ancestry.com (2025).
  25. Webpage of Fern Y Hunt, National Institute of Standards and Technology (2025).
    https://scispace.com/explore/affiliations/national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-1k2vc6yi
  26. S W Williams, Fern Y Hunt, Black Women in Mathematics, Mathematics Department, The State University of New York at Buffalo (2008).
    https://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/hunt_ferny.html
  27. 2019 Class of Fellows of the AMS, American Mathematical Society (2019).
    https://www.ams.org/grants-awards/ams-fellows/fellows-citations-archive
  28. 2020 Class of AMW Fellows, Association for Women in Mathematics (2020).
    https://awm-math.org/awards/awm-fellows/2020-awm-fellows/
  29. F Y Hunt, AWM Activity of Fern Y Hunt, in Janet L Beery, Sarah J Greenwald and Cathy Kessel (eds.), Fifty Years of Women in Mathematics: Reminiscences, History, and Visions for the Future of AWM Vol 1 (Springer, 2022), 277-282.
  30. V E Howie and H A Lewis, Telling Our Stories, in Janet L Beery, Sarah J Greenwald and Cathy Kessel (eds.), Fifty Years of Women in Mathematics: Reminiscences, History, and Visions for the Future of AWM Vol 1 (Springer, 2022), 242-270.

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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update December 2025