# Hellmuth Kneser

### Quick Info

Born
16 April 1898
Dorpat, Russian Empire (now Tartu, Estonia)
Died
23 August 1973
Tübingen, Germany

Summary
Hellmuth Kneser was a Estonian-born German mathematician best known for his work in group theory and topology.

### Biography

Hellmuth Kneser was the son of Adolf Kneser. Hellmuth entered the University of Breslau in 1916 where his father was the Professor of Mathematics. Schmidt's lectures at Breslau were to prove an important influence on Hellmuth Kneser's mathematical development. From Breslau Kneser went to Göttingen to undertake research. His doctoral studies there were directed by Hilbert and he submitted a dissertation on the mathematics of quantum mechanics in 1921 Untersuchungen zur Quantentheorie .

After the award of his doctorate Kneser remained at Göttingen. There, after one year, he was appointed to a teaching post on the strength of impressive work determining all the regular families of curves on closed surfaces. His first student was Baer and, at Göttingen, Kneser supervised Baer's doctoral thesis on the classification of curves on surfaces. Kneser did not remain long at Göttingen for, in 1925, he succeeded Radon to a chair in Greifswald.

Kneser spent twelve years at Greifswald before he accepted the chair at Tübingen in 1937. He played an important role in assisting Wilhelm Süss to found the Mathematical Research Institute at Oberwolfach in 1944. When the survival of the Institute became increasingly difficult in the years following World War II, it was Kneser's support which proved significant in the battle to retain this wonderful asset for mathematical research. Large numbers of mathematicians like myself [EFR] who have benefited from visits to this unique conference centre must have said a quiet thank you to Süss, Kneser and their colleagues. When Süss died in 1958 it was Kneser who took over the scientific leadership of the Oberwolfach Institute.

Describing the areas of mathematics on which Kneser worked is difficult since his work was so wide ranging throughout mathematics. In fact he made a very definite decision after completing his doctoral dissertation that he would refuse to specialise. As Wielandt writes in [2]:-
He wanted to gain an overview over and an opinion on all parts of his science and be able to do research in each area. He would get close to the realisation of this, in his words, bold desire to an extent that filled his colleagues with amazement, but at times threatened to discourage his students.
After his doctoral work on quantum theory he turned toward topology and the theory of analytic functions in several indeterminates. While at Greifswald he really achieved his aim of working in all areas of mathematics. He published 30 papers in the time he held the chair there, publishing important contributions in every area of current interest.

Kneser published on sums of squares in fields, on groups, on non-Euclidean geometry, on Harald Bohr's almost periodic functions, on iteration of analytic functions, on the differential geometry of manifolds, on local uniformisation and boundary values. He succeeded in pushing forward Weierstrass and Hadamard's ideas to open up the area of the value distribution of meromorphic functions. Kneser, writing of his work on this last topic said:-
I hope that this theory will also prove fruitful for the special functions used in analysis, this has to be required of a new theory, in particular, if one considers that the general theory of rational functions of one indeterminate came from the treatment of special functions, namely the gamma and sigma functions by Weierstrass and of the Riemann zeta function by Hadamard.
After Kneser moved to Tübingen the emphasis in his work changed. Although he still produced papers of great significance, he now became interested in a variety of other topics related to the teaching and the relation of mathematics to other sciences. It was not just the relation between mathematics and the physical sciences that fascinated him. He now became interested in the mathematical theory of economics and of sociology. As a mathematical basis of these topics he studied applications to them of game theory.

Still, despite his ever widening range of activities such as organising teaching seminars and courses for school teacher of mathematics, his research continued to answer fundamental questions. For example he produced a beautiful solution to the functional equation $f ( f (x) ) = e^{x}$ which he published in 1950, and the deep understanding he achieved of the strange properties of manifolds without a countable basis of neighbourhoods between 1958 and 1964.

Wielandt comments in [2] on Kneser's influence and personality:-
The high reputation, which Kneser enjoyed as a mathematician with an unusually broad horizon, predetermined him to take over tasks with a wide area of influence; despite his rather shy nature he never avoided these responsibilities. For many years he made his well-informed judgement available to mathematical publications as editor: to the Mathematische Zeitschrift, Archiv der Mathematik and the Aequationes Matheamticae.
He received many honours. He was elected President of the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung and served on the executive committee of the International Mathematical Union. His work is summed up in [2]:-
Kneser served his science for years with his vision, care and tactfulness...
Hellmuth Kneser was the son of Adolf Kneser. Martin Kneser, another mathematician, is Hellmuth Kneser's son.

### References (show)

1. M Kneser, Ergänzung zu einer Arbeit von Hellmuth Kneser über den Fundamentalsatz der Algebra, Math. Z. 177 (2) (1981), 285-287.
2. H Wielandt, Hellmuth Kneser (16.4.1898-23.8.1973) (German), Jahrbuch der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften für das Jahr 1974 (Heidelberg, 1975), 87-89.
3. H Wielandt, Hellmuth Kneser in memoriam (German), Aequationes Math. 11 (1974), 120a-120c.