# Sigekatu Kuroda

### Quick Info

Born
11 November 1905
Tokyo, Japan
Died
3 November 1972
Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Summary
Sigekatu Kuroda was a Japanese mathematician who worked in number theory and mathematical logic.

### Biography

Sigekatu Kuroda studied mathematics at Tokyo Imperial University and was awarded his Rigakushi (Bachelor of Science) in 1928. His professor at Tokyo Imperial University was Teiji Takagi, who was a leading researcher in algebraic number theory, and he gave Kuroda a lasting interest in that topic. However, Kuroda decided to specialise in the foundations of mathematics and, for that reason, Takagi is said to have called his student a "lazybones". Kuroda's first three papers were all entitled Zur Algebra der Logik published in the Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Tokyo. The first two appeared in 1930 and the third in the following year.

Teiji Takagi had married Toshi Tani in 1902; they had three sons and five daughters. Kuroda married Yaeko, the third of Takagi's daughters; they had three sons who became mathematicians including Sige-Yuki Kuroda (1934-2009). Sigekatu Kuroda served as an Assistant at Tokyo Imperial University in 1932-33 before being appointed as a Professor at Ochyanomizu University, Tokyo, in 1933. In the same year he published the monograph Sugaku Kisoron and, in 1938, the book Shugoron .

There followed [2]:-
... long periods of service to his country away from his field of studies.
In many ways Kuroda's work on the foundations of mathematics and mathematical logic had made it difficult for him to become a central figure in Japanese mathematics. However, as his repertoire grew much broader and greater he put himself in a position to be appointed to more prestigious positions. In 1942 Kuroda was appointed as Professor at the newly founded Imperial University of Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan, where he worked for over 20 years building up a strong Department of Mathematics. He was awarded his Rigakuhakushi (Doctor of Science) by Tokyo Imperial University in 1945. Over the following years he published papers such as Intuition and consistency in mathematics (Japanese) (1947), On the logic of Aristotle and the logic of Brouwer (Japanese) (1948), and Intuitionistische Untersuchungen der formalistischen Logik (1951). The third of these papers is a summary (in German) of the previous two. In these papers he [3]:-
... illustrates intuitionistic points of view towards mathematics, and investigates intuitionistic logic as formalized by Heyting-Gentzen.
In fact he makes it clear in the 1951 paper that he shares L E J Brouwer's view that mathematics is an activity of thought that is independent of logic and based on immediate evidence that is intuitively clear.

In the same period, he published An examination of the foundations of analysis (Japanese) (1949) in which he examined consequences of a non-intuitionistic assumption which leads to two non-equivalent real number systems. In this paper, he then examines order relations, the operations of arithmetic, rational and irrational reals, and also considers how convergence works.

In 1953-1954 he served Nagoya University as Dean of the Faculty of Science following which he attended the International Congress of Mathematicians in Amsterdam in September 1954 where he gave the lecture On the intuitionistic and formalistic theory of real numbers. He spent the academic year 1955-1956 as a visitor at the Institute of Advanced Study at Princeton where he met Gödel. Leopoldt writes [2]:-
Perhaps there and then the idea was born whose realization dominated the following years: he introduced a new system, suitable for the logical foundation, which may be regarded in some sense as a modified and drastically simplified Gentzen system. It has been published in a series of thirteen papers under the common title "An investigation of the logical structure of mathematics."
The subtitles of these papers are: A logical system (1958); Transformation of proof (1959); Fundamental deductions (1958); Compendium for deductions (1958); Contradictions of Russell's type (1958); Consistent V-system $T(V)$ (1959); Set-theoretical contradictions (1959); Consistency of the natural number theory $T_{1}(N)$ (1959); Deductions in the natural number theory $T_{1}(N)$ (1959); Concepts and sets (1959); The principle of extensionality and of choice (1958); and A method of programming of proofs in mathematics for electronic computing machine (1960). In the first of these he sets up his new logical system. He writes:-
Since the discovery of set theoretical paradoxes the investigation on the foundations of mathematics from the formalistic and logistic point of view has moved to the direction to avoid the existing contradictions. For this purpose, many logical or mathematical systems have been presented, which are so formulated that we can have, at the best of our present knowledge, the confidence that neither existing nor new contradiction can be deduced in these systems. Therefore, in formulating these systems, some special conditions to restrict the free application of logic are needed, for instance, simple or ramified type theory, introduced to logic first by Russell, or the restriction of the comprehension axiom of set theory. Some of these conditions seem very natural. However, at least in some cases, we have no essential clarification of the reason why those logical systems should be restricted by those conditions, except that if these conditions were taken off then we would fall into contradiction. So we try to reverse the direction of our investigation. Instead of seeking the conditions to avoid contradictions from the beginning, we observe a logical system which includes any contradiction, existing or unknown ...
A visit to the United States in 1960 gave Kuroda another chance to meet with Gödel but it does not appear that the two had a very lengthy discussion for, after the visit, he wrote to Gödel on 16 June of that year [7]:-
It was my great pleasure also that I heard from you that you are studying Husserl and you admired his philosophy, which was the unique philosophy that I devoted rather long period and effort in my youth. I hope I have a chance some day to speak with you about Husserl. As you are doing now, I would like to recollect Husserl's philosophy after returning to my country.
Despite his many deep works on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics, Kuroda had a lifelong interest in algebraic number theory. Examples of his publications in this area are the papers Über den Dirichletschen Körper (1943), Über die Pellsche Gleichung (1943), Über die Klassenzahlen algebraischer Zahlkörper (1950), Über die Zerlegung rationaler Primzahlen in gewissen nicht-abelschen galoisschen Körpern (1951), and the book (with Tomio Kubota) Number Theory - Fundamentals of Algebraic Number Theory (Japanese) (1963). In the 1950 paper he generalised results of Dirichlet, Herglotz and others, when he studied the general shape of the class number relations (multiplicative relations between the zeta-functions of subfields) of an abelian extension of a field. The 1951 paper gives one of the earliest examples of a nonabelian decomposition law.

In 1962 Kuroda went to the United States when he spent a year as a Visiting Professor at the University of Maryland. While there, he was offered a permanent position at the University of Maryland where he held a chair of mathematics from 1963 until he retired in 1972. He developed an interest in using computers to investigate questions in algebraic number theory. He deposited copies of computer output for Table of Class Numbers, $h(p)$ Greater than 1, for Fields $\mathbb{Q}(√p), p = 1 (mod 4) ≤ 2776817$ (1965) and (with Richard B Lakein) Tables of Class Numbers $h(-p)$ for Fields $\mathbb{Q}(√-p), p ≤ 465071$ (1965). Leopoldt writes [2]:-
Beginning in the early sixties he became very interested in the use of computers in number theory. He did a considerable amount of work in this area himself; unfortunately only a small part of it has appeared in print so far. But he also tried to establish a system of communication and cooperation for the various groups working in this area, thereby giving invaluable advice and practical help to anybody asking for it.
He became Professor Emeritus at both the University of Maryland and at Nagoya University after he retired in 1972, but he was to hold these roles for a very short time since he died in November 1972.

Leopoldt writes of his final days in [2]:-
Professor Sigekatu Kuroda died in 1972 at the age of 67. He was a mathematician whose role in the mathematical community and whose influence on its development cannot fully be measured by the amount of his published work done. Deeply devoted to our science, he was constantly prepared to serve his cause, the promotion of mathematics. A long and painful illness overshadowed his last years, but for him, who was then deeply engaged in the editorial preparation of the collected works of Takagi, the illness seemed to exist only as a reminder of the shortness of time left to complete the task.
The collected papers of Teiji Takagi, edited by Sigekatu Kuroda, was published in 1973, with a preface by S Iyanaga. We should also mention the important contribution Kuroda made to publishing, being one of the founders of the Nagoya Mathematical Journal and serving on the editorial board until his death. He was also an editor of the Journal of Number Theory. Let us end this biography with Leopoldt's tribute [2]:-
His devotion to mathematics together with his extraordinary patience made him a successful and even inspiring teacher, highly respected by his students as well as by his colleagues and friends.

### References (show)

1. R B Lakein, Review: Table of Class Numbers, h(p) Greater than 1, for Fields Q(p), p = 1 (mod 4)2776817 (1965) (copy deposited in the UMT file) by Sigekatu Kuroda, Math. Comp. 29 (129) (1975), 335-336.
2. H W Leopoldt, Obituary : Sigekatu Kuroda (November 11, 1905-November 3, 1972), J. Number Theory 7 (1975), 1-4.
3. M Ohnishi, Review: Intuition and consistency in mathematics (Japanese) (1947), On the logic of Aristotle and the logic of Brouwer (Japanese) (1948), and Intuitionistische Untersuchungen der formalistischen Logik (1951) by Sigekatu Kuroda, J. Symbolic Logic 21 (2) (1956), 196.
4. M Ohnishi, Review: An examination of the foundations of analysis (Japanese) (1949) by Sigekatu Kuroda, J. Symbolic Logic 21 (2) (1956), 196-197.
5. Professor Sigekatu Kuroda, Nagoya Mathematical Journal 49 (1973).
6. D S, Review: Tables of Class Numbers h(-p) for Fields Q(-p), p465071 (1965) (copy deposited in the UMT file) by Sigekatu Kuroda and Richard B Lakein, Math. Comp. 24 (110) (1970), 491-493.
7. M van Atten, Essays on Gödel's Reception of Leibniz, Husserl, and Brouwer (Springer 2015)