Stanisława Dorota Liliental Nikodym


Quick Info

Born
2 July 1897
Warsaw, Russian Empire (now Poland)
Died
26 March 1988
Jeżewo Stare, Gmina Tykocin, Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland

Summary
Stanisława Nikodym was the first Polish woman to obtain the degree of Ph.D. in mathematics. She wrote papers on analysis, some with her husband Otton Nikodym. She is also known as a painter.

Biography

Stanisława Nikodym was given the name Stanisława Dorota Liliental and only became Stanisława Nikodym after her marriage to Otton Nikodym. To avoid confusion, we shall refer to her as Stanisława throughout this biography. She was the daughter of Natan Nuchim Liliental (1868-1927) and his wife Regina Gitla Eiger (1877-1924). The family were Polish speaking Jews living in Warsaw which was, at that time, part of the Russian Empire. Natan Liliental, the son of the author Maximilian Liliental, had been born in Kutno, and was an agent for a bank. He married Regina Eiger in an Orthodox synagogue in Szczebrzeszyn. She had been born in 1875 in Zawichost, a town near Sandomierz, and was the great-great-granddaughter of the Talmudic scholar Rabbi Akiva Eger. Shortly after her marriage Regina moved with her husband to Warsaw where she attended secret lectures in private homes, the so-called "Flying University". At this time the Russian authorities did not permit Poles to study at higher levels. She became a history teacher in a school for Jewish girls, and was the author of many books and articles on Jewish culture as well as translating Jewish poems into Polish. Her great-granddaughter Dorota Liliental writes [7]:-
Thanks to the books she has written, the rituals, fables, legends, songs and proverbs of the world that seemed to have been expunged by the Holocaust can be revived today.
Regina and Natan Liliental had two children, Stanisława Dorota Liliental, the subject of this biography, born in 1897, and Antoni Tadeusz Liliental, born 26 October 1908. Antoni became a chemical engineer, worked at the Warsaw Polytechnic University, but joined the Polish Army at the start of World War II and was killed by the Russians during the Katyn Massacre in April and May of 1940 when over 20,000 prisoners of war were murdered.

Stanisława studied in Warsaw, spending six years of primary education at a school run by Helena Szalay, a sister of Marie Curie. Helena Szalay had, like Stanisława's mother, studied at the "Flying University" in Warsaw. She had applied to attend lectures in chemistry and physics at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków but, being a woman, her request had been denied. After attending this school, Stanisława spent seven years of secondary education at a private gymnasium for young women. She was studying at this school in Warsaw when World War I broke out in 1914. Now at this time Warsaw was in the Russian controlled region of Poland, and at the start of the war Warsaw housed many Russian troops. Battles were fought in the vicinity of Warsaw without much progress by either side, but in July 1915 Russian troops began a retreat and, on 5 August 1915, German troops captured Warsaw. Central Poland now came under German occupation and this produced a major change in education. On 15 November 1915 the University of Warsaw was given permission by the Germans to open and teach in Polish. For the first time, women were allowed to study at the university.

In 1916 Stanisława completed her secondary school studies and passed her final examination. On 18 October 1916 she entered the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Warsaw. She studied mathematics, attending courses by Stefan Mazurkiewicz, Zygmunt Janiszewski, and Wacław Sierpiński. Kazimierz Kuratowski was at this time a student at the newly reopened University of Warsaw and he writes [6]:-
As early as 1917 Janiszewski and Mazurkiewicz were conducting a topology seminar, presumably the first in that new, exuberantly developing field. The meeting of that seminar, taken up to a large extent with sometimes quite vehement discussions between Janiszewski and Mazurkiewicz, were a real intellectual treat for the participants.
World War I ended with an armistice on 11 November 1918 but Germany troops still occupied much of Poland. A uprising broke out in Poland with members of the Polish military fighting for an independent Poland. Stanisława took a break in her studies for the academic year 1918-19 and spent the year teaching mathematics to Polish army recruits. After this she returned to the University of Warsaw to continue her studies.

In addition to those mentioned above, Stanisława was taught mathematics by several others. These included Samuel Dickstein, Stefan Kwietniewski (1874-1940), Stanisław Leśniewski (1886-1939), Antoni Przeborski (1871-1941), Witold Pogorzelski (1895-1963), Jan Łukasiewicz, and Juliusz Rudnicki (1881-1848) [2]:-
There is no doubt that Janiszewski, Mazurkiewicz, Kuratowski, and Sierpiński had a huge impact on Stanisława's mathematical education. In 1919, she attended two courses by Janiszewski: selected topics in topology and a seminar on topology. It must have been Janiszewski who introduced her to the problem of continua disconnecting a plane, the problem of her doctoral dissertation. In 1921, Mazurkiewicz lectured on Jordanian continua, which was also one of her interests.
Mathematics was not Stanisława's only passion, for she also loved painting, and wrote poems and plays. While still a student, in 1922 she participated in outdoor painting in Sandomierz, where she painted views of the city using watercolour techniques. Here is one of the paintings she made in Sandomierz in 1922 which is now in the District Museum in Sandomierz.
See THIS LINK.

In fact she did open-air painting over several of the following summers and her work was exhibited in 1933 after which she donated it to the District Museum in Sandomierz.

Stanisława spent her 1923 summer holiday in Zakopane, a resort at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. Many of the Polish mathematicians spent their summer holidays in Zakopane so as well as a holiday it was a chance to discuss mathematics with others. She wrote to her mother on 30 July 1923 [2]:-
Yesterday I met professor Stanisław Ruziewicz from Lwów. I spent the entire evening enjoying sweets and a lively discussion in the company of professors of mathematics.
Among the mathematicians Stanisława met in Zakopane was Otton Nikodym. Otton and Stanisława were married in Warsaw in a Roman Catholic ceremony on 2 April 1924. Stanisława had by this time completed her first degree from the University of Warsaw and the couple returned to Kraków where they lived in Otton's small apartment on Kochanowskiego Street. Both of them decided to register to study for their doctorates at the University of Warsaw.

In [2] Danuta Ciesielska writes:-
It is commonly believed that it was Sierpiński who encouraged Otton to start publishing his results, but I am certain that is not the truth. The correspondence of the newly married couple with Stanisława's family presents the story in a different way. In my opinion, Stanisława and some friends from Kraków had far more impact on Otton than Sierpiński did.
We can picture the young couple at this time from a description that Stanisława's mother wrote in a letter of May 1924 (see, or example, [2]):-
They often sit together studying algebra, and Otton told me that she [Stanisława] is extremely talented, has a masculine mind, and yet is so feminine and childlike.
Stanisława Nikodym wrote to her mother on 26 October 1924 (see, for example, [2]):-
Otton says that we must learn to fight against all the obstacles that fate sends our way and appreciate our victory, when we will receive the necessary diplomas for which we are striving and embark upon a new creative life. Otton believes that I will accomplish very nice things, for he sees how I am going about mathematics. Really, I have benefited a lot recently and I owe a great deal to Otton. He said that he senses all the happiness coming to us together, including good health and our doctorates.
In November 1924 the Nikodyms moved to Warsaw. Stanisława was sad at leaving her family and she also believed that she stood a better chance of finding employment in Warsaw. In Warsaw they moved in with Stanisława's parents in Koszykowa Street. Perhaps Regina's poor health was a factor in Stanisława wishing to be in Warsaw for Regina had surgery and died on 4 December 1924 from complications following the operation. Stanisława undertook research for her doctorate advised by Stefan Mazurkiewicz and was awarded the degree on 26 June 1925 for her thesis O rozcinaniu płaszczyzny przez zbiory spójne i kontinua . The award of a Ph.D. in 1925 means that Stanisława Nikodym became the first Polish woman to be awarded a doctorate in mathematics.

Stanisława and her husband moved to Kraków, where Otton was employed at the Jagiellonian University. She began to publish papers, the first of which is Sur les coupures du plain faites par les ensembles connexes et les continus published in Fundamenta Mathematicae in 1925. The paper has no introduction or statement about what is going to be proved. It begins with a summary of the required notation, then states theorems due to Zygmunt Janiszewski and Felix Hausdorff that are to be used, before stating and proving Lemmas 1 and 2.

Stanisława and Otton spent the academic year 1926-27 at the Sorbonne but it was a difficult year barely surviving on a very small Polish scholarship. In September 1928 Stanisława participated in the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, Italy and delivered the lecture Sur une propriété topologique du plan Euclidien . Her talk begins as follows:-
In my work published in the XII volume of 'Fundamenta Mathematicae' I have demonstrated a lemma which can be regarded as analogous to the following very elementary theorem.
"If p1,p2,...,pn,...p_{1}, p_{2}, ..., p_{n}, ... is a sequence of different real numbers tending to p, we can extract from it a partial sequence which converges to p in a monotonic manner".
The lemma I am talking about expresses a property of the plane and, basically, it is contained in a method of R L Moore used by American topologists to deal with different questions concerning Jordanian continua.
...
It is by means of the notion of monotonic convergence that I have demonstrated in the XII volume of 'Fundamenta Mathematicae' a theorem expressing a necessary and sufficient condition for a subcontinuum of a Jordanian and plane continuum to be itself Jordanian. By means of a slightly different notion, I recently found with Otton Nikodym a necessary and sufficient condition which must be satisfied by a Jordanian continuum and plane J, so that the property of being Jordanian for any subcontinuum C of J, is equivalent to the known property, found by R L Moore for the relative complement J-C.
The paper in Volume 12 of the Fundamenta Mathematicae that Stanisława refers to in this quote is Sur une condition nécessaire et suffisante pour qu'un sous-continu d'un continu jordanien et plan soit lui-même jordanien (1928). She published a second paper Sur quelques propriétés des ensembles partout localement connexes also in Volume 12 of the Fundamenta Mathematicae and two further papers in 1930 in addition to her paper in the Proceedings of the Bologna Congress which also appeared in 1930.

In the period 1930-1945 the Nikodyms lived in Warsaw. In 1930 Stanisława was appointed as an assistant to Franciszek Leja who at that time was head of the Department of Mathematics at the Faculty of Chemistry of the Technical University of Warsaw. She took over this position from Kazimierz Zarankiewicz who had been Leja's assistant for the previous eight years. Stanisława continued to work as Leja's assistant until 1936 when he left Warsaw to take up the chair of mathematics at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. From 1936 she did some work for a publishing house but had no permanent job. During the years at the Technical University of Warsaw she published the paper Une propriété topologique de la surface partout localement homéomorphe au plan Euclidien (1935) and the books Wybrane zadania z analizy matematycznej (1936) and (with Otto M Nikodym) Wst p do rachunku ró niczkowego (1936). Both these books ran to second editions, in 1946 and 1947 respectively.

World War II began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. By 8 September the German troops has reached Warsaw and on 17 September the Soviet Union attacked Poland from the east. By 27 September Germany was in complete control of Warsaw and the Nikodyms were is great danger, especially since Stanisława was Jewish. Edward Ordman writes [8]:-
During the war, of course, the German Nazis were fairly efficient at exterminating the Polish intelligentsia.  Nikodym and his wife escaped into the countryside, disguised as peasants. They were sheltered for the duration of the war in a small village, hidden and fed by the peasants. In exchange for being taken care of, they tutored the village children in arithmetic, and sometimes in other subjects, generally at the primary level.
Stanisława went with her husband to Kraków when he took up an appointment at the Mining Academy on 1 April 1945. Towards the end of 1946 Stanisława and her husband went first to Belgium and then to France. The couple went from France to London, England, where they attended a conference. William Transue, from Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, USA was at the conference and, when he heard that the Nikodyms wanted to stay in the West, said he would try to get Otton a job offer from his College. Transue contacted the President of Kenyon College who quickly sent Otton the offer of a position at the College. Stanisława and her husband sailed from Southampton to New York on the Marine Flasher leaving Southampton on 21 March 1948 and arriving in New York on 31 March. On her entry to the United States Stanisława declared her final destination to be Gambier, Ohio and that she intended to apply for American citizenship and become a permanent resident. Her entry record contains the following details: Height, 5 ft 2 in; Hair Colour, Brown; Eye Colour, Brown; Complexion, Medium. She gives her occupation as 'housewife', her race as 'Italian' and, rather strangely, gives her place of birth as Moscow, Russia.

At Kenyon College, Stanisława was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Mathematics. The news of her appointment was given in The Kenyon Collegian on 8 October 1948 [10]:-
Dr Stanisława Nikodym [is appointed] as visiting Assistant Professor of Mathematics. Dr Nikodym was born in Moscow and studied at the Gymnasium of Latin in Warsaw and the University of Warsaw where she was granted her Doctor's degree in Mathematics. She was an instructor in Higher Mathematics for six years at the Higher Polytechnical School in Warsaw and has delivered lectures on topology to the International Congress of Mathematicians at Bologna. She is the author of numerous textbooks and papers, printed in Polish, Italian, and French.
Otto Nikodym was appointed as a professor of mathematics at Kenyon College and was assisted in many ways by Stanisława. Edward Ordman writes in [8] about the Nikodyms at Kenyon College:-
In the early days [at Kenyon College] the Nikodyms went to class together; he lectured from a prepared text and she helped field the questions.  They were a dramatic contrast to the usual inhabitants of central Ohio, moving together through this strange culture and language.  The small college town was a big help: there was usually someone who could translate, by way of French or German, if there was difficulty communicating in the butcher shop or at the barber, and the shopkeepers knew the college would straighten out any problems By a few years later, his English had improved enough to manage questions himself and his wife no longer needed to attend his classes.

By the time I was a student at Kenyon and took a course from Nikodym (an introduction to Hilbert Space, using the text by Halmos) in the early 1960's, he was in his eighties.  A small man, somewhat stooped over, he was driven to work every morning by his wife. She followed two paces behind as he walked to his office, removed his coat for him and hung it up, then went home until she returned for him in the evening. ... A high point of our undergraduate education was being invited home for dinner at the Nikodym home. It was a small but elegant apartment carved from a large house on a  hilltop owned by the college, built well over a century ago as the palace of the then Episcopal Bishop of Ohio. Mrs Nikodym served what seemed to us a very European dinner, and with some prompting from her husband told of their earlier lives and especially their hiding out during the Second World War.
After settling in the United States, Stanisława only published two papers both joint publications with her husband. These are Sur l'extension des corps algébriques abstraits par un procédé généralisé de Cantor (1955) and Some theorems on divisibility of infinite cardinals (1957).

In 1965 both Stanisława and her husband Otton retired and went to live in Utica, Oneida County, New York. Otton Nikodym died on 3 May 1974 and is buried in Our Lady of Częstochowa Cemetery in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, named after Częstochowa, the most holy religious site in Poland. We should explain why he was buried there. Soon after the Nikodyms arrived in the United States they made friends with the famous Polish painter Adam Styka and his wife Wanda. This friendship was, of course, a natural one given that Stanisława was a painter. The Pauline Father, Michał Zembrzuski, later joined this group of friends. It was Father Zembrzuski, who had come to the United States in 1951 to do missionary work among Poles in America, who built the American Częstochowa church near Doylestown in 1965-66. Father Zembrzuski conducted Otton Nikodym's funeral and his burial in Our Lady of Częstochowa Cemetery. The grave is close to that of Adam Styka who died in 1959. Otton's tombstone was designed by Stanisława and it is highly decorated and very colourful. Stanisława clearly intended to be buried beside her husband since she had her name on the tombstone with her death date still to be added. Following Otton's death, Stanisława made visits to Poland and she died on 26 March 1988 in Jeżewo Stare, Podlachia, Poland and was buried in Tykocin.


References (show)

  1. S Domoradzki, Zofia Szmydt, in Giants of Science (2024).
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Additional Resources (show)

Other pages about Stanisława Nikodym:

  1. The Nikodyms in The Kenyon Collegian

Other websites about Stanisława Nikodym:

  1. MathSciNet Author profile
  2. zbMATH entry

Cross-references (show)


Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update November 2024