# Hidehiko Yamabe

### Quick Info

Born
22 August 1923
Ashiya, near Osaka, Japan
Died
20 November 1960
Evanston, USA

Summary
Hidehiko Yamabe was a Japanese mathematician who published important results in differential geometry and on group theory, including Hilbert's fifth problem.

### Biography

Hidehiko Yamabe's father was Takhiko Yamabe. It was a large family with Hidehiko being his parents' fifth son. The family were well off but Hidehiko's health was poor and his parents were warned by the doctor who treated him that he was unlikely to live much beyond twenty years of age. Hidehiko attended elementary school in Ashiya than continued his secondary education close to his home. In 1942 he was sent to The Third High School in Kyoto, following the practice in Japan at this time to send exceptionally talented boys to one of a small number of senior high schools before entering university. Despite his health problems he loved sports at secondary school but his health prevented him from playing as much rugby as he would have liked.

Of course most of Yamabe's time in secondary school and high school had been during the years of World War II [2]:-
Quite often classes could not be held regularly during World War II. Quite often he had to go to work in fields and factories with his classmates.
The war was reaching its climax in 1944 when Yamabe entered the University of Tokyo to study mathematics. He graduated in 1947 and was appointed as an assistant at Osaka University. These years in Japan were as difficult as the war years. Despite the problems Yamabe published some fine mathematical papers. In On an arcwise connected subgroup of a Lie group published in 1950 in the Osaka Mathematical Journal Yamabe gave a direct proof of the theorem that an arcwise connected subgroup of a Lie group is a Lie subgroup. He then began to tackle Hilbert's Fifth Problem:-
A connected locally compact group G is a projective limit of a sequence of Lie groups; and, if G has no small subgroups, then it is a Lie group.
This problem had been investigated by many mathematicians such as Chevalley, Gleason, Iwasawa, Kuranishi, Montgomery, Pontryagin, von Neumann, and Zippin. Yamabe began to produce partial results in papers such as On some properties of locally compact groups with no small subgroup (1951) written with Morikuni Goto, which shows that in a locally Euclidean group with no small subgroup every point sufficiently near the identity is on a unique one-parameter subgroup. Also in 1951 he published Note on locally compact groups which again attacks Hilbert's Fifth problem and gives results proved independently by Chevalley and Gleason. Further progress came in On a problem of Chevalley (1952).

Despite the large amount of progress that Yamabe was making to solve Hilbert's Fifth Problem, he was also producing many other papers such as: (with Zuiman Yujobo) On the continuous function defined on a sphere (1950); (with Morikuni Goto) On continuous isomorphisms of topological groups (1950); On an extension of the Helly's theorem (1950); and A condition for an abelian group to be a free abelian group with a finite basis (1951).

In 1952 Yamabe married Etsuko and a few months later they travelled to the United States where Yamabe took up a post at Princeton as Deane Montgomery's assistant. It was during his two years at Princeton that he published the two papers On the conjecture of Iwasawa and Gleason and A generalization of a theorem of Gleason. Both papers appeared in 1953 in the Annals of Mathematics and together they give a final answer to Hilbert's Fifth Problem. This is undoubtedly Yamabe greatest achievement, although he went on to produce many more very high quality pieces of work.

Not only did Yamabe put the final touches to his solution to Hilbert's Fifth Problem in Princeton but while he was there his first child Kimiko was born and he submitted his doctoral dissertation to Osaka University and was awarded his doctorate. In 1954 he left Princeton and was appointed as assistant professor at the University of Minnesota. Hidehiko and Etsuko Yamabe had their second child Noriko in 1956 and in the following year Yamabe was promoted to associate professor. This was a period when his mathematical interests began to move away from Lie groups to differential equations and differential geometry. A proof of a theorem on Jacobians (1957) published in the American Mathematical Monthly was a paper concerning the teaching of mathematics in which he gave a proof of the invertibility of mappings with non-zero Jacobian. His next major research contribution was Kernel functions of diffusion equations. I (1957) which Peter D Lax reviews writing:-
This paper presents a new, elegant method for constructing Green's function G for the heat equation over any domain D in Euclidean space.
In the following year Yamabe published A unique continuation theorem for solutions of a parabolic differential equation written jointly with Seizo Ito. The same theme was taken up in A unique continuation theorem of a diffusion equation which he published in 1959. By this time, however, Yamabe had returned to Japan [2]:-
He enjoyed American life and was fully Americanised, yet there were nostalgic moments. It was quite difficult for him to forget his strong attachment to his mother country. In addition, as the number of young mathematicians from his country who settled in the United States increased, he started to wonder if he should go back to Japan to help the younger generation. He had some dreams about this and went back to Japan in September 1958 to take up the position of Professor at Osaka University to see if his plans were workable.
Yamabe returned to the United States in July of following year to continue with his position at the University of Minnesota. However he was offered a full professorship at Northwestern University at Evanston which he took up in September 1960. His second paper on Kernel functions of diffusion equations was published in 1959 and in the following year he published On a deformation of Riemannian structures on compact manifolds and Global stability criteria for differential systems. The second of these two papers was written with Lawrence Markus. Yamabe died of a stroke aged 37 not long after taking up the appointment at Northwestern University [2]:-
... he felt a severe headache one evening in November of [1960]. He was hospitalised in Evanston hospital. He stayed there for five days and died November 20, 1960 ...
Finally let us note a publication by Yamabe, together with David Pope, A computational approach to the four-color problem which appeared in 1961. Coxeter writes:-
It was proved by P J Heawood that the four-colouring of a given "normal" map (having $2n$ vertices, $3n$ edges, and $n + 2$ faces or countries) is equivalent to the solution of a system of $n + 2$ congruences modulo 3 for $2n$ unknowns (each equal to ±1, and each occurring in three of the congruences). The authors have coded this problem on the UNIVAC Scientific 1103 computer, which took 25 minutes to obtain the 146 solutions in a typical case with $n = 18$.
The Yamabe Memorial Lecture has been held in his honour since 1989 and from 2002 this was replaced by the Yamabe Memorial Symposium. Here are details:-
The Yamabe Memorial Lecture has been held since 1989, through support from a fund created by Etsuko Yamabe and through contributions from a number of mathematicians. The lecture has been held in alternating years at the University of Minnesota and at Northwestern University. ... The Yamabe Memorial Symposium is an enhancement of this tradition. Mathematicians will gather every two years at the University of Minnesota for a long weekend to hear geometry talks, discuss the latest research and interact with younger mathematicians. One goal will be to advance areas of mathematics related to the interests of Hidehiko Yamabe, which touched in a substantial and ground-breaking way on several quite different areas of mathematics, all of which may be roughly described as having significant geometric aspects.

### References (show)

1. R P Boas (ed.), Collected works of Hidehiko Yamabe (Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, New York-London-Paris, 1967).
2. Biographical note, in R P Boas (ed.), Collected works of Hidehiko Yamabe (Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, New York-London-Paris, 1967), v-vi.
3. M Goto, Hidehiko Yamabe (1923-1960), Osaka Math. J. 13 (1961), i-ii.
4. M Goto, Hidehiko Yamabe (1923-1960), in R P Boas (ed.), Collected works of Hidehiko Yamabe (Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, New York-London-Paris, 1967), vii-viii.