# Jacob Bronowski

### Quick Info

Born
18 January 1908
Łódź, Russian Empire (now Poland)
Died
22 August 1974
East Hampton, New York, USA

Summary
Jacob Bronowski was a Polish-born mathematician and historian. He is best known for developing a humanistic approach to science. He made frequent TV appearances.

### Biography

Jacob Bronowski's father, Abram Bronowski, was the owner of a haberdashery firm which traded between Poland and London, and his mother was Celia Flatto. When Russia occupied Poland during World War I Bronowski's family emigrated to Germany where they lived until the war ended. Then, in 1920, the family moved to London, England.

Things were not easy for Bruno, as Bronowski was known, when he arrived in England since he spoke no English. This meant a difficult start for him at the Central Foundation School in London. At school he soon found an equal interest for both science and literature. He later wrote:-
I grew up to be indifferent to the distinction between literature and science, which in my teens were simply two languages for experience that I learned together.
Bronowski won a mathematics scholarship to Jesus College, Cambridge, and there he began his mathematical studies. He was a Wrangler (First Class) in Part I of the mathematical tripos in 1928 and Senior Wrangler (ranked top of the list of First Class students) in Part II of the mathematical tripos in 1930. However at Cambridge Bronowski's interests were much wider than mathematics and he continued with his love of literature editing a literary magazine Experiment with another mathematics student. It first appeared in 1928 and showed, as he later wrote, that poetry was for him as early a love as was mathematics. He stressed his wide interests when he later described his years at Cambridge:-
All intellectual life was exhilarating and on the move in the six years that I spent there. Quantum physics was transformed by Dirac and the others. Cockcroft split the atom, and Chadwick discovered the neutron. At the same time, literature and painting were made over by the shock of surrealism and the films (and later the radio) grew to an art.
He continued with mathematical research at Cambridge after the award of his first degree working on problems in geometry. After completing the research for his doctorate, he lived for a while in Mallorca during 1933. He went there with Eirlys Roberts, who later published Which magazines, with the intention of being near Robert Graves and Laura Riding. Bronowski worked on a poetry project with Laura Riding but the two fell out. Bronowski then returned to Cambridge where he received his doctorate in mathematics for a thesis which looked at problems in geometry and topology. In 1933 he published a solution of the classical functional Waring problem, to determine the minimal $n$ such that a general degree $d$ polynomial $f$ can be expressed as a sum of $d$th powers of $n$ linear forms, but his argument was incomplete. In the same year that he received his doctorate, namely 1933, he became a British citizen.

In 1934 he was appointed a lecturer in mathematics at University College, Hull, which at that time awarded University of London external degrees. Later he was promoted to senior lecturer. He continued his research in geometry publishing a series of papers On triple planes and a paper The figure of six points in space of four dimensions. His first book was published in 1939 and it was not a mathematics book but rather The Poet's Defence which [5]:-
... wrestled with the relation between the truth of science and that of poetry ...
In 1941 he married Rita Coblentz, who was a sculptor, then in 1942 he left Hull to take up war work. His wife later wrote:-
Bruno and I were married bright and early one Monday morning in 1941 during a daylight air raid on London. We lived in Hull for a short time until we were moved to more secret places because of his war work.
He worked in the Military research unit of the Home Office where he was a pioneer in operational research, using the mathematical theory he developed to increase the effectiveness of bombing raids. Not everyone appreciated this work, however, for the government science adviser reported his doubts concerning his competence for this work.

Bronowski went to Japan in 1945 with the British Chiefs of Staff Mission to study the effects of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This was to change his life and, after this experience, he gave up military research to concentrate on the ethics of science and later on life sciences. In his book Science and Human Values (1956) he described this visit to Nagasaki:-
On a fine November day in 1945, late in the afternoon, I was landed on an airstrip in Southern Japan. From there a jeep was to take me over the mountains to join a ship which lay in Nagasaki Harbour. ... suddenly I was aware that we were already at the centre of damage in Nagasaki. The shadows behind me were the skeletons of the Mitsubishi factory buildings, pushed backwards and sideways as if by a giant hand. What I had thought to be broken rocks was a concrete power house with its roof punched in. I could now make out the outline of two crumpled gasometers; there was a cold furnace festooned with service pipes; otherwise nothing but cockeyed telegraph poles and loops of wire in a bare waste of ashes. I had blundered into this desolate landscape as instantly as one might wake among the craters of the moon.
After this visit Bronowski wrote his famous report The Effects of Atomic Bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After his war work ended Bronowski did not return to being a mathematics lecturer. He had by this time published a second book William Blake, a man without a mask in 1944; a work written in his spare time. He continued with the mathematical interests which he had taken up during the war, however, continuing to work on operations research. He published a statistics paper with Neyman The variance of the measure of a two-dimensional random set in 1945. He then worked for UNESCO applying statistics to the economics of industry from 1947 to 1950. Then in 1950 he was appointed as director of the Coal Research Establishment of the National Coal Board. He headed the research into smokeless fuels and one early form of such fuel was called "Bronowski's Bricks".

The 1950s saw a change in Bronowski's interests. He expressed this himself as follows:-
[I am a] mathematician trained in physics, who was taken into the life sciences in middle age by a series of lucky chances.
It was because of Bronowski's skills as a mathematician that he was approached to look at a problem in palaeontology. He was asked to use statistical methods to try to determine whether the fossilised skull of a child, which had been found at Taung in Eastern Africa many years earlier, was a possible ancestor to human beings. Bronowski wrote:-
In 1950, when [the Taung child's] humanity was by no means accepted, I was asked to do a piece of mathematics. Could I combine a measure of the size of the Taung child's teeth with their shape, so as to discriminate them from the teeth of apes?
This turned his interests towards the unique biology of human beings and, something which had always interested him, their unique intellectual products. About the same time Bronowski began his career as a broadcaster, perhaps the part of his life for which he is most widely remembered. He frequently appeared on the programme The Brains Trust rapidly gaining a reputation as a scientist with great depth and breadth of knowledge yet with a great gift for explaining difficult scientific concepts in an understandable way. In 1953 he was visiting professor of history at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was during this period that he worked on the ideas which were to appear in his book Science and Human Values :-
... from which the great debate on 'two cultures' sprang - one in which Bronowski never accepted the idea of a separation between the scientific and the humanistic aspirations of man.
Bronowski wrote:-
For me science is an expression of the human mind, which seeks for unity under the chaos of nature as the writer seeks for it in the variety of human nature.
Among his books are The Common Sense of Science (1951), Science and Human Values (1956, revised edition 1965), which we quoted from above, and The Identity of Man (1965).

Through his new interests in biology, Bronowski became involved in the setting up of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies at La Jolla, near San Diego, California. The Institute aimed to examine the integration of the biological and human sciences. He was a non-resident fellow at the Salk Institute from 1960, becoming resident there in 1964 when he was appointed Senior Fellow, becoming Director of the Council for Biology at La Jolla in 1970.

Already known for his exceptional abilities to communicate science and philosophy both in books and in broadcasting, he received many invitations to lecture. He had presented a series for BBC television in the early 1960s called Insight in which he had looked at mathematical ideas such as probability, scientific ideas such as entropy and also the extent of human intelligence. His last major project was to write and narrate the BBC television series The Ascent of Man which was filmed between July 1971 and December 1972. The thirteen part series was broadcast in 1973 and also published in book form in that year. He wrote in the introduction to the book:-
It demands an unflagging intellectual and physical vigour, a total immersion, which I had to be sure I could sustain with pleasure; for instance, I had to put off researches I had already begun.
I [EFR] remember watching this remarkable television series which, in a style much copied since, described in humanist terms the work of Pythagoras, Newton, Einstein, Galen, Versalius, Darwin, Mendel, Szilard, John von Neumann and many others showing their contributions as significant highlights in human development.

He was a short man, less than five feet tall, but in his young days he was physically strong and athletic. However, he became ill while making The Ascent of Man and his health deteriorated. He died of a heart attack on Long Island, New York but he is buried in Highgate Cemetery in north London.

Eric and Freda Roll write [2]:-
He was ... a warm and vibrant human being. Every encounter with him was a powerful tonic which left one feeling intellectually and emotionally stimulated and enhanced. He did not, however, suffer fools gladly and could be bitingly sardonic about human folly or about the glaring discrepancies so often to be found between public acclaim and true worth. But to his friends he was kind and affectionate, a companion whose gaiety and wit counterbalanced his serious approach to life.
Perhaps Bronowski's philosophy of life is best summed up in his own words:-
I see now that the problem of man's status between the world and himself has haunted me since the difficult days of boyhood. All that I have written, though it has seemed to me so different from year to year, turns to the same centre: the uniqueness of man that grows out of his struggle (and his gift) to understand both nature and himself.

### References (show)

1. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacob-Bronowski
2. Obituary of Jacob Bronowski, New York Herald Tribune (24 August, 1974).
3. Obituary of Jacob Bronowski, New York Times (23 August, 1974).
4. E Roll, Jacob Bronowski, Dictionary of National Biography 1971-1980 (Oxford-New York, 1986), 93. See THIS LINK.