... with hindsight, a rather modest indication of her mathematical potential.

... were among six collaborators who worked on a large scale study of child development, overseen by Pearson, that analysed data collected from over 4000 children, including some of Beatrice's high school students. Their part-time work for the biometrics Lab was uncompensated until a grant established in 1904 by the Worshipful Company of Drapers allowed Pearson to provide his assistants with small stipends.

The project collected physical measurements and character assessments from 4000 children and their parents in order to establish evidence of the inheritance of what Pearson called "moral qualities," attributes that we would now identify as aspects of intelligence or personality. Both sisters Cave-Browne-Cave were among the six collaborators who worked on the project. ... [Pearson's] collaborators gathered the data by measuring and observing the children. Beatrice Cave-Browne-Cave collected data from her high school students. Only a few assistants, including Frances and Beatrice Cave-Browne-Cave, processed the data, creating tables, and computing correlations.

In 1904 Miss F E Cave in a memoir on the correlation of barometric heights, published in the Royal Society Proceedings ..., endeavoured to get rid of seasonal change by correlating first differences of daily readings at two stations. A similar method was used by Mr R H Hooker in a paper published some time later in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society [in] 1905. This method was generalised by "Student" [William Gosset] in the last number of 'Biometrika' ... This method is still further developed by Dr Anderson of Petrograd, who in a valuable memoir published in this Journal has provided the probable errors of the successive difference correlations of a system of variables ... The new method appears to be one of very great importance, and like many new methods it has been developed in a cooperative manner, which is a good reason for not entitling it by the name of any single contributor. We prefer to term it the 'Variate Difference Correlation Method'. With the exception of a few illustrations given by "Student," no numerical work on the correlation of the higher differences has yet been attempted. It is clear that much numerical work will have to be undertaken before we can feel complete confidence in our knowledge of the range and of the limitations of the new method ... The object of the present paper is to illustrate the theory of the variate difference correlation method in its present stage of development on a short series of economic data, in order to test what approximation there is in such short series to stability, and further how nearly Dr Anderson's values for the successive standard deviations apply to such cases ...

In a paper of 1908 "Student" [William Gosset] dealt experimentally with the distribution of the correlation coefficient of small samples, and gave empirical curves - in particular for the case of zero correlation in the sampled population -which have proved remarkably exact. The problem was next considered in 1913 by H E Soper who obtained the mean correlation and the standard deviation of the distribution of correlations to second approximations. ... The next step was taken by R A Fisher who gave in 1915 the actual frequency distribution of [the correlation r in samples of n from a population by a curve]. ... Clearly in order to determine the approach to Soper's approximations, and ultimately to the normal curve as n increases we require expressions for the moment coefficients of [Fisher's curve], and further for practical purposes we require to table the ordinates of [Fisher's curve] in the region for which n is too small for Soper's formulae to provide adequate approximations. These are the aims of the present paper. It is only fair to state that the arithmetic involved has been of the most strenuous kind and has needed months of hard work on the part of the computers engaged. On the other hand the algebra has often been of a most interesting and suggestive character.

By the spring of 1916, the computers of the Biometrics Laboratory, including Beatrice Cave-Browne-Cave, were accepting requests for trajectory calculations directly from the Ministry of Munitions. At first, they gave low priority to the ballistics work. "These [trajectories] you told me to leave till the last as you might not have them done," Beatrice Cave-Browne- Cave wrote to Pearson, "shall I go on to this now?" Pearson approved this request, but he was still trying to devote as much time as possible to his statistical research. He asked the computers to clean and measure a collection of skulls that spring, a task that uncovered an infestation of insects. ...

As spring moved to summer, the Ministry of Munitions expanded its requests for ballistics calculations from Pearson and his staff. Though the computers faced an increasingly rigid production schedule, Pearson attempted to sustain the same egalitarian air that he had shown during the days of experiments at Hampden Farm. When he received a packet of printed materials from the Ministry of Munitions, he found that he, rather than his staff, was being credited with producing the calculations. "Please do not place my initials on the charts and tables," he replied to the ministry. "It would have the appearance of arrogating to myself work due to a number of people of whom I am only one." He had come to refer to his combined laboratories as the Galton Laboratory, and he requested, "If a mark of this kind is needful will you please place GL upon them, which will be quite as distinctive as KP and cover the whole staff of the Galton Laboratory."

Though the war demanded self-sacrifice, it also offered new opportunities to the computers and encouraged them to look beyond the walls of University College, London. In August 1916, Beatrice Cave-Browne-Cave announced that she would leave the laboratory to take a better paying position with the Ministry of Munitions. Pearson had not anticipated this news and was not pleased to be losing so experienced a computer. "I may be quite wrong," he wrote Cave-Browne-Cave, "but frankly I do not consider you have 'played the game.'" In part, he was distressed because Cave-Browne-Cave was abandoning a recently signed contract with the college, but he also felt that the computers should be motivated by something beyond money or position. "I should never attempt to hold an assistant, who wishes to leave," he explained, "because it is evidence to me that their heart is not in their work and that they have not full loyalty to the ideas of our Founder, [Francis Galton]." He ended their collaboration by stating that "under the circumstances I should prefer, as it would save friction which is not compatible with the pressure of present work, if you did not return at all to the Laboratory."

... is her force diagram and [the second] depicts her use of an alignment nomogram, a device employed when a single type of calculation had to be done repeatedly, and invented by the French engineer Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne in 1884 in response to a demand by French engineers for a method to speed up the operations of cut-and-fill necessary to expand France's railway system.

The present paper is a contribution to the treatment of problems which require a solution of the differential equation $\nabla^{4} \psi = 0$. Amongst such problems are to be found not only the very slow motions of a viscous fluid in two dimensions, but also the flexure of thin flat plates. The prosecution of the investigation has been made possible by the support of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, which has provided financial assistance to enable two of us to devote the whole of our time to the research, and our thanks are offered to the Department for its assistance. We also desire to acknowledge the facilities afforded by the Governing Body of the Imperial College of Science and Technology in placing a room at our disposal in the Department of Aeronautics.

An earlier Paper by the same authors dealt with one aspect of the same problem and in its conclusions indicated the possibility of the present development. In order to deal with the equations of motion for a viscous fluid in two dimensions, the approximation for slow motion due to Stokes was used, with a consequent need for the introduction of a boundary limiting the expanse of the fluid. Whilst keeping the analysis as general as possible, the example given related to a circular cylinder centrally placed in a parallel-walled channel. The extension now to be described follows generally similar lines; the form of equation has been changed from that of Stokes to one proposed by Oseen, the change representing a closer approach to the full equations of motion by the introduction of terms dependent on the inertia of the fluid. A consideration of the differential equations by earlier writers has indicated a close agreement between the motions near a small sphere in the two cases, but a marked difference in the more remote parts of the fluid. Oseen has shown, for the sphere, that the resistance formulae for the two cases are identical to the first order of small quantities. In the case of the two-dimensional motion of a cylinder the differences are rather more striking. In the Stokes' form of approximation it is not possible to satisfy all the essential conditions when the expanse of fluid is infinite, whilst with Oseen's type of equation this particular difficulty disappears. Having seen Oseen's solution for the motion of a sphere in a viscous fluid, Lamb applied a similar method to the circular cylinder, and an account of his analysis is given in the 'Philosophical Magazine' and his treatise on 'Hydrodynamics'; a resistance formula is deduced which is applicable at low velocities. There are two approximations in this solution, one physical and implied in the original differential equation, and the second mathematical and introduced in the solution. There is a certain degree of interrelation between the two approximations, but it has been found that the second of them may be removed. An estimate of the degree to which Oseen's approximation represents the complete equation of viscous fluid motion can be obtained by comparing the results of the new calculations with those of experiment. In the result it appears that the amount still to be accounted for by the remaining inertia terms is less than that already dealt with, in the case of both the resistance of circular cylinders and the skin friction of flat plates.