# Aleksandr Nikolaevich Korkin

### Quick Info

Born
19 February 1837
Zhidovinovo, Tot'ma, Vologda, Russia
Died
1 September 1908
St Petersburg, Russia

Summary
Aleksandr Korkin was a Russian mathematician whose major contribution was to the development of partial differential equations.

### Biography

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Korkin's father, Nikolay Ivanovich Korkin, was [2]:-
... a prosperous peasant who also engaged in trade.
Nikolay Ivanovich, as a peasant, was part of the system of serfdom which operated in Russia at this time. He was a serf, owned by the local Vologda province, and as such he and his family had to work for Vologda. Later, in 1861, the serfs were emancipated by Alexander II but, although many argued for the abolition of serfdom as Aleksandr Nikolaevich was growing up, it was at that time a problem with which his father had to cope.

Aleksandr Nikolaevich was three years old when his father moved to Shuiskoye, about six kilometres from the village in which he was the boy was born. This town, in northwest Russia, is about 700 km due east of St Petersburg. When Korkin was eight years old his father sent him to he educated in the house of the grammar school teacher Aleksandr Ivanovich Ivanitski in Vologda, the provincial capital. Ivanitski was a former student of Bunyakovsky and as well as being a fine mathematician was also an outstanding teacher. Ivanitski's wife was also a talented teacher and from her the young Korkin learnt to speak French and German. After two years of study with the Ivanitskis, Korkin's father wanted his son to begin his studies at the local gymnasium but before this could happen he had to pay the Vologda province to release his son from serfdom to allow him to be educated. Korkin entered Vologda Gymnasium in 1847.

When Korkin was twelve years old his father lost what money he had and died shortly afterwards. Korkin continued to study at the Gymnasium showing remarkable abilities. He completed his studies in 1853 at the age of sixteen and was awarded the Gold Medal by the Gymnasium but, although he was now very well qualified to enter university he was too young. He went instead to the Demidov Lycée but after a very short period decided to return home to Shuiskoye and wait until he was allowed university entry. In 1854 he entered the Physics and Mathematics faculty of St Petersburg University where he was taught by Bunyakovsky, Somov and Chebyshev. In particular he took courses on analytic geometry, higher algebra and number theory given by Chebyshev.

Life as an undergraduate was hard for Korkin. His father had died having lost his money and Korkin had to survive with hardly enough money for food. He was forced to earn extra by undertaking private tuition. He submitted an essay to the Faculty of St Petersburg in 1856 on the set topic On greatest and least quantities which investigated properties of local extrema of both explicitly and implicitly defined differentiable functions of one or severable variables. Korkin also discussed problems on the calculus of variation in his essay. Bunyakovsky judged the student submissions and awarded Korkin the Gold Medal, recommending that the essay be published in The Student Anthology which happened in the following year.

Korkin graduated in 1858, qualifying to teach mathematics. He had to pay further sums to Vologda province to release himself from serfdom before being allowed to begin his teaching career at the First Cadet School. He taught there until 1861 and during this time he took his Master's examinations at St Petersburg and undertook research under Chebyshev for his Master's thesis (equivalent in standard to a Ph.D.). He submitted On Determining Arbitrary Functions in Integrals of Linear Partial Differential Equations which he defended on 11 December 1860. In 1861, when a position at the university became vacant, he took part in the resulting competition and was successful. At this time he left the First Cadet School and taught trigonometry, analytic geometry and integral calculus at the University.

Alexander II became the new tsar in 1855 and began to work towards abolishing serfdom, saying:-
... it is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until the serfs begin to liberate themselves from below.
Serfdom was abolished in 1861 but on terms which were neither favourable to peasants nor to landowners. It was a settlement which bitterly disappointed by many peasants as well as many radical intellectuals. In 1861 and 1862 revolutionary leaflets were distributed in St Petersburg, ranging from the demand for a constituent assembly to a passionate appeal for insurrection. There was student unrest and St Petersburg University was closed. Korkin was sent abroad to prepare for becoming a professor.

Korkin attended lectures by Liouville, Lamé and Bertrand in Paris, returned briefly to Russia in May 1863, then went to Germany where he attended lectures by Kummer, Weierstrass and others in Berlin. On the Paris visit he was particularly interested in Bertrand's lectures on partial differential equations and in Germany Kummer's lectures on quadratic forms fascinated him. During this time he worked on his doctoral thesis (equivalent in standard to the German habilitation) and he returned to his teaching role in St Petersburg in September 1864. In addition to teaching at the University, he also began teaching calculus at the Nikolaevskaya Naval Academy. He defended his thesis On systems of first order partial differential equations and some questions on mechanics towards the end of 1867. His examiners were Somov and Chebyshev.

In May 1868 Korkin was appointed by the Council of St Petersburg University as an extraordinary professor in the Department of Mathematics. He continued to lecture at the university until the year of his death 1908, and he continued to teach calculus at the Naval Academy until 1900. Aleksei Nikolaevich Krylov was taught by Korkin at the Naval Academy, graduating in 1890, and took over Korkin's lecturing position there in 1900. At the university he was promoted to ordinary professor in 1873.

Korkin's mathematical expertise was extremely broad within both pure mathematics and mathematical physics. He had read, and with his wonderful memory could then recall, most works by Abel, Dirichlet, Euler, Fourier, Gauss, Jacobi, Lagrange, Laplace, Legendre, Monge, and Poisson. One of Korkin's major contributions was to the development of partial differential equations. However, the interest he had developed in quadratic forms when attending Kummer's lectures in Berlin led him to write three important papers on the topic in collaboration with Zolotarev. Initially Korkin was unimpressed with Zolotarev's investigation of an indeterminate equation of degree three which he presented in his Master' thesis. Korkin wrote a critical report on the thesis. However soon the two were collaborating and produced three paper in 1872, 1873 and 1877.

Hermite, whom Korkin greatly admired, had studied the minimum value of a quadratic form as a function of its coefficients. He had given an upper bound for the minimum of an $n$-ary form of fixed given determinant and made a conjecture for a better upper bound. Korkin and Zolotarev write in their first joint paper:-
The search for the exact upper bound of the minima of positive definite quadratic forms of given determinant in integer-valued variables, presents great difficulties and constitutes one of the most important problems in the theory of such forms. In this note we will be concerned with quaternary forms, and as the first result of our research derive an exact upper estimate for their minima.
Their result showed that Hermite's conjectured bound was incorrect. In their next major paper on the topic in 1873 they defined extremal positive definite quadratic forms to be those minimum decreases for any perturbation of the coefficients which leaves the determinant invariant. They continue their work of finding upper bound's for positive definite quadratic forms. In their 1876 paper they write:-
... we propose expounding in the present memoir certain fundamental properties of [extremal positive definite quadratic forms], as well as exhibiting all extremal binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary forms.
When Delone became Korkin's student in the 1890s, Korkin was interested in cartographic projections and it was on that topic that he directed Delone's dissertation of 1896.

Delone writes in [2]:-
Korkin's lecturing style was one of supreme simplicity and clarity. He explained each and every result by means of examples, and went minutely through the steps of each argument. After each lecture he would dictate examples as homework exercises. Taking notes from his lectures was easy; however, later on in his career Korkin came to the conclusion that he should dictate his lectures, attributed to his lack of faith in his hearers' ability to write them down well enough. Those attending his lectures usually mastered the subject-matter very thoroughly, and passed the examination with flying colours.

Through his ability to draw on a broad knowledge of various branches of mathematics, Korkin often set very difficult problems; these he proposed to the best of his students. When he observed exceptional ability in a student, he would often take him under his wing and help him in his studies. Almost till the end of his life his home was always open on "Korkin Saturdays", as they came to be called, to anyone wanting advice, or to talk mathematics.

### References (show)

1. B N Delone, The St Petersburg school in the theory of numbers (Russian) (Moscow-Leningrad, 1947).
2. B N Delone, The St Petersburg school in the theory of numbers (American Mathematical Society, London Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I. 2000).
3. A P Juskevic, History of mathematics in Russia up to 1917 (Russian) (Nauka, Moscow, 1968).
4. Yu A Belii, Anniversaries in the history of mathematics for 1987 (Bulgarian), Fiz.-Mat. Spis. B'lgar. Akad. Nauk. 30(63) (1) (1988), 43-44.
5. A I Borodin, Mathematical calendar for the 1986/87 academic year (Russian), Mat. v Shkole (1) 1987 (1987), 73-74.
6. N S Ermolaeva, The reasons for the interest of mathematicians from St Petersburg in problems of cartography (Russian), Istor.-Mat. Issled. (2) No. 7(42) (2002), 92-119; 367.
7. R I Galcenkov, Mathematics in the Leningrad (St Petersburg) University in the 19th century (Russian), Istor.-Mat. Issled. No. 14 (1961), 355-392.
8. I I Markus and E P Ozigova, The St Petersburg school of mathematics in the beginning of the twentieth century (Russian), Voprosy Istor. Estestvoznan. i Tehn. 1972, no. 1(42) (1973), 30-36; 94-95;103.
9. S B Shaposhnik, Calendar of anniversaries (Russian), Voprosy Istor. Estestvoznan. i Tekhn. (4) 1986 (1986), 134-135.