Barry Charles Mazur

Quick Info

Born
19 December 1937
New York, New York, USA

Summary
Barry Mazur is an American mathematician who made contributions to geometric topology, differential topology and algebraic geometry.

Biography

Barry Mazur became interested in mathematics during his first year at High School. A friend, who was somewhat older than Mazur, was interested in electronics and this sparked an interest in Mazur in the mathematics which was behind the physical phenomena that fascinated his friend. He said [2]:-
The real mystery to me then was how energy could propagate through space. I couldn't understand it and became fascinated by the mathematics that explained it.
He spent two years as an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology studying courses leading to a B.S. degree. The academic side went well, but MIT had a requirement that students participate in the Reserve Officer Training Program. Mazur did participate in the programme but he did not enjoy it and this was evident in his performance. MIT did not consider that he had fulfilled the requirements of the Reserve Officer Training Program and withheld his degree. Fortunately Princeton was satisfied with evidence of mathematical ability rather than requiring a degree certificate which Mazur never received, so he was able to enter the graduate school at Princeton University. At Princeton his thesis advisor was Ralph Fox and he was also influenced by R H Bing. He received a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1959 for his thesis On Embeddings of Spheres. His achievement was already remarkable for by this time he had proved the Schönflies Conjecture in geometric topology. Before the award of his doctorate, he was a research fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study during the session 1958-59. In 1959 his first four papers were published: The definition of equivalence of combinatorial imbeddings; On the structure of certain semi-groups of spherical knot classes; Orthotopy and spherical knots; and On embeddings of spheres.

In 1959 he moved to Harvard University where he was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows from 1959 to 1962 before joining the mathematics department in 1962 as an Assistant Professor. While a Junior Fellow, Mazur met Grace Dane who was a postgraduate research biologist at Harvard studying the microarchitecture of silkworms. They married in 1960 and had one child. In 1965 he was promoted to Associate Professor, becoming a full professor in 1969. He was named William Petschek Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University in 1982. Mazur received four prizes from the American Mathematical Society, namely the Veblen Prize for geometry in 1966, the Cole Prize for number theory in 1982, the Chauvenet Prize for exposition in 1994, and the Steele Prize for seminal contribution to research in 2000. Mazur began his research career in geometric topology but has become one of the world's leading experts in number theory after working in algebraic geometry. In his reply on receiving the Steele Prize he spoke of this progression [1]:-
Sometimes a line of mathematical research extending through decades can be thought of as one long conversation in which many mathematicians take part. This is fortunately true at present and has been so throughout the century. I came to number theory through the route of algebraic geometry and before that, topology.
Mazur's work in topology was outstanding and it led to the award of the Veblen Prize in 1966 for his work on the generalized Schönflies theorem. He explained in [1] how he moved from topology to algebraic geometry:-
Grothendieck was exceptionally patient with me, for when we first met I knew next to nothing about algebra. In one of his first conversations with me, he raised the question (asked of him by Washnitzer) of whether a smooth proper algebraic variety defined over a real quadratic field could yield topologically different differentiable manifolds realized by the two possible imbeddings of the number field into the reals. What a perfect question, at least for me! Not that I answered it. But it was surely one of the very few algebro-geometric questions that I then had the background to appreciate. ... the question provided quite an incentive for a topologist to look at algebraic geometry. I began to learn the elements of algebraic geometry working with Mike Artin.
His move towards number theory, and some of his remarkable contributions to that topic, were detailed in the citation for the Steele Prize which was awarded:-
... for his paper "Modular curves and the Eisenstein ideal" (1978). This paper determined the possible torsion of the rational points of elliptic curves defined over $\mathbb{Q}$ and also laid the foundation for many of the most important results in arithmetic algebraic geometry over the last 20 years, including (but not limited to):

1. The proof of the Main Conjecture of Iwasawa theory by Mazur and Andrew Wiles, in "Class fields of abelian extensions of $\mathbb{Q}$" (1984).

2. Ken Ribet's proof that the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture implies a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, in "On modular representations of $Gal(\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Q})$ arising from modular forms" (1990).

3. Wiles's proof of the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture and of Fermat's Last Theorem, in "Modular elliptic curves and Fermat's last theorem" (1995), using results with R Taylor in "Ring-theoretic properties of certain Hecke algebras".

4. Loic Merel's proof of the uniform boundedness conjecture for the torsion of elliptic curves defined over number fields, in "Bornes pour la torsion des courbes elliptiques sur les corps de nombres" (1996).

Rarely has a single paper given rise to such a wealth of important mathematics as has Mazur's paper on "Modular curves and the Eisenstein ideal".
Mazur had much earlier received the Cole prize for work which would prove important in the solution of Fermat's last Theorem. This was awarded for his work on the arithmetic theory of elliptic curves.

Of course his deep work in number theory is based on the concept of 'number'. Let us quote a beautiful description of 'number' which Mazur wrote in the Foreword to Tobias Dantzig's book Number: The Language of Science. He wrote:-
Number has had, and will continue to have, an evolution. How did Number begin? We can only speculate. Did Number make its initial entry into language as an adjective? Three cows, three days, three miles. Imagine the exhilaration you would feel if you were the first human to be struck with the startling thought that a unifying thread binds three cows to three days, and that it may be worthwhile to deal with their common three-ness. This, if it ever occurred to a single person at a single time, would have been a monumental leap forward, for the disembodied concept of three-ness, the noun three, embraces far more than cows or days. It would also have set the stage for the comparison to be made between, say, one day and three days, thinking of the latter duration as triple the former, ushering in yet another view of three, in its role in the activity of tripling; three embodied, if you wish, in the verb to triple. Or perhaps Number emerged from some other route: a form of incantation, for example, as in the children s rhyme One, two, buckle my shoe ... However it began, this story is still going on, and Number, humble Number, is showing itself ever more central to our understanding of what is. The early Pythagoreans must be dancing in their caves.
The number concept led to deep mathematics, as Mazur explained [2]:-
The deep questions posed by number have inspired the creation of some of the most powerful mathematical techniques and theories. The more one studies these questions, the more one comes to realize how central a role they play in so many aspects of mathematics and physics.
But what is the field of number theory like? Mazur gives his views in poetic fashion in Number Theory as Gadfly. He writes that number theory:-
... produces, without effort, innumerable problems which have a sweet, innocent air about them, tempting flowers; and yet ... number theory swarms with bugs, waiting to bite the tempted flower-lovers who, once bitten, are inspired to excesses of effort!
Mazur was named Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University in 1998. His research achievements were emphasised at the time but also other aspects of his contributions. Neil Rudenstine, President of Harvard, said [2]:-
Barry Mazur is a perfect match for the Gade University professorship," Rudenstine said. "He thinks deeply. He teaches with great clarity and commitment. He helps trace the ways in which mathematics is integral to the structure of knowledge in the disciplines that may not otherwise seem to be significantly connected. We are indeed very fortunate to have him.
Jeremy Knowles, the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard, said:-
Barry is not only a brilliant mathematician, but a wonderful teacher who engages biologists, physicists, economists, and others and seduces them into an understanding of the beauty and use of mathematics. I am delighted by his elevation to the Gade University Professorship.
Mazur, however, does not see teaching as unrelated to research:-
In order to get the full resonance of what one is thinking about, even if it is the latest idea in a technical realm, it's better if one is in touch with people who are just beginning to grasp the ideas.
Another honour given to Mazur which we have not mentioned above was his election as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1982. More recently, he has been elected a member of the American Philosophical Society (2001), and awarded an honorary degree from Colby College (2004).

Mazur has written several research books such as Étale homotopy with Mike Artin in 1969, Smoothings of piecewise linear manifolds with Morris Hirsch in 1974, and Arithmetic moduli of elliptic curves with Nicholas Katz in 1985. More recently he has written an outstanding popular work on complex numbers entitled Imagining numbers (2003). Mazur, however, is not the only member of his family writing popular books. His wife Grace Dane Mazur left science in 1986 for writing fiction (unlike her husband whose work is definitely non-fiction!). She published Silk, a collection of stories, in 1996. It was named by the New York Times as a notable book of the year. More recent works have added to her literary success.

References (show)

1. 2000 Steele Prizes, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 47 (4) (2000), 477-480.
2. A Powell, Mazur Named University Professor, Harvard University Gazette (29 October, 1998).