# George Szekeres

### Quick Info

Born
29 May 1911
Budapest, Hungary
Died
28 August 2005

Summary
George Szekeres was a Hungarian-born mathematician who worked for most of his life in Australia on geometry and combinatorics.

### Biography

George Szekeres was the son of Armin Szekeres. George was born into a Jewish Hungarian family who owned a leather business. He soon showed great mathematical talents and, while at high school, was greatly inspired by the journal Középiskolai Matematikai és Fizikai Lapok (Mathematical and Physical Journal for Secondary Schools) which posed mathematical problems and contained articles taking the talented pupil into the deeper delights of the subject.

One might have thought that someone so deeply interested in mathematics at school would naturally study mathematics at university. However these were difficult times in Hungary and what George's parents required was a son with the necessary skills to take over the family leather business. He therefore enrolled for a chemical engineering degree at the Technological University of Budapest. Szekeres did not give up his interest in mathematics, however, for he continued to meet with the enthusiastic mathematical problem solvers. These included Paul Erdős and Paul Turán, and also a Jewish student named Esther Klein, the daughter of Ignaz Klein. At one of their meetings Esther posed the following problem:
Given five points in the plane no three of which are collinear, prove that four of them form a convex quadrilateral.
Szekeres and Erdős wrote a paper in 1935 generalising this result; it became one of the cornerstones of combinatorial geometry. It was Erdős who chose the name "Happy Ending problem" for this, since Szekeres married Esther Klein on 13 June 1937.

After graduating with a degree in chemical engineering in 1933, Szekeres worked for six years as an analytical chemist in Budapest but conditions there became more and more difficult due to the persecution of Jews by the Nazis. George and Esther Szekeres decided to escape from the European nightmare of World War II, and Szekeres took a job in a factory in Shanghai, China, as a leather chemist. This, however, provided no escape from war because when he moved to Shanghai in 1939 he was moving into a war zone. Japanese troops had landed near Shanghai, at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and taken Shanghai in November 1937. Germany and Italy signed a pact with Japan in 1940, the year that Peter, the first child of the Szekeres family, was born in Shanghai, and at this stage Szekeres was again essentially back into the same war he had escaped from in Europe. The factory where he was working closed and the Szekeres family became refugees. They now endured extraordinarily difficult times. The situation in China was dire with Communist and Nationalist military forces opposing each other and both opposing the invading Japanese. The Szekeres family, now with a young son, were in extreme danger and fled for their lives when bombing was taking place. The United States began to build up air power in China and by the end of 1943 the China-based United States 14th Air Force was in a position to compete with the Japanese in central China. For a while Szekeres was employed as a clerk in an American air force base, and he remained in China until 1948.

D Harvey describes the broad mathematical interests of Szekeres [4]:-
Besides combinatorial geometry, he has also made contributions in the theory of partitions, graph theory, and other areas of combinatorics. Another prominent topic in George's career is general relativity; George is perhaps best known for his role in developing the mathematical theory underlying the study of black holes. He embraced the computer age with enthusiasm, making early contributions to techniques of numerical analysis, especially in the theory of computing high dimensional integrals. More recently, his research interests include combinatorial geometry, Hadamard determinants, and chaos theory.
The reference to chaos theory here refers in particular to his interest in Feigenbaum's functional equation. Let us be a little more specific and give a few examples of papers Szekeres published. There was the 1957 paper Spinor geometry and general field theory which Szekeres described in the introduction as follows:-
The purpose of the present work is to exploit, more fully than has been done heretofore, the possibilities of spin connection from the point of view of geometrical field theories and to develop a geometry whose connection is derived exclusively from the displacement of spinors ...
In 1958 Szekeres published the group theory paper On a problem of D R Hughes written jointly with E G Straus, then two years later he published On the singularities of a Riemannian manifold in which he discussed the problem of determining when an apparent singularity in a Riemann manifold is real, and when it may be eliminated by an extension of the space. In the same year he published On the propagation of gravitational waves and On some extremum problems in elementary geometry, this latter paper being written with Erdős. In 1965 he wrote a numerical analysis paper Some estimates of the coefficients in the Chebyshev series expansion of a function and a paper dealing with a combinatorial problem On a problem of Schütte and Erdős written jointly with his wife Esther. He continued to publish on relativity with work such as Kinematic geometry: An axiomatic system for Minkowski space-time (1968). Throughout his career he loved combinatorics, graph theory in particular, and he published papers on this topic such as Polyhedral decompositions of cubic graphs (1973) and Non-colourable trivalent graphs (1975) in the few years before he retired.

We should say a few words about the interests of Szekeres outside mathematics. As to hobbies he loved art and music, particularly chamber music. He was an accomplished musician playing violin and viola. He played in the North Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Ku-ring-gai Philharmonic Orchestra, also supporting this orchestra by acting as treasurer from the time it was founded until 2000. He also loved walking and even in the 1990s when he had past eighty years of age, he would set out on long walks with his daughter Judith.

Szekeres received many honours for his achievements. He was elected to the Australian Academy of Science in 1963 and was awarded its Thomas Rankin Lyle Medal in 1968. He was also elected to the Hungarian Academy of Science. He was a founder member of the Australian Mathematical Society when it was founded on 15 August 1956 and served as its president from 1972 to 1974. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2002.

He retired in 1976, when he reached 65, and was named Emeritus Professor at the University of New South Wales. He continued to be mathematically active publishing many papers during the last 25 years of his life. Let us give a few examples of some of this work. In 1978 he published a joint paper with Erdős entitled Some number theoretic problems on binomial coefficients which gave a number of very difficult problems about binomial coefficients. His 1985 paper Distribution of labelled trees by diameter analysed the graphs described by the title and, among many other results, found the expected value of the diameter of a random labelled tree on $n$ vertices.

Also in 1985 he showed his continuing interest in using computers in mathematical investigations with Computer examination of the two-dimensional simultaneous approximation constant. Let us say a little about this paper. In 1970 Szekeres had published his two-dimensional Farey dissection algorithm, then produed a continuous version of it in 1984. In his "Computer examination" paper, he gives a continuous analogue of the best two-dimensional simultaneous Diophantine approximation constant, based on this 1984 work. With this algorithm he then tests the conjecture that the best constant is $\large\frac{2}{7}\normalsize$, showing that the data supports the conjecture.

Other papers examined the asymptotic distribution of partitions, Hadamard determinants, tilings of the square, and primality testing. Keith Briggs writes [1]:-
I knew George Szekeres from about 1990. Although officially "retired", he maintained an active interest in many areas of mathematics, and was particularly encouraging to young mathematicians. He would typically listen to a problem, and reply a few days later with a long letter full of useful suggestions. These letters were characterized by a kind of naivety (in a good sense) - a child-like enthusiasm was usually evident and if the subject was not one in which he was very experienced, he would not fear to start right at the bottom and work things out for himself.

Another unusual quality was George's interest in computational and "experimental" mathematics, which he maintained until his last paper on Abel's equation. I believe George started writing Fortran programs around 1960, for his multidimensional continued fraction algorithm. In the mid-90s, I worked with him on Feigenbaum's functional equation. We wrote programs to solve several cases of this equation, and I was very impressed by this 80 year-old who knew more about how to actually get computers to do real mathematics than many of my younger colleagues.

I would thus describe George as a pioneer of experimental mathematics - he saw the potential of the computer, particularly in testing conjectures, very early.
When Szekeres moved to the University of New South Wales in 1964 he bought a home in Turramurra, which is about 15 km north of Sydney city centre. In order to understand why this beautiful house was very cheap, and to understand a little about the Szekeres family who were happy to buy it, we have to relate some rather gruesome details of events which occurred at the New Year of 1963. On that New Year's day two young men discovered the bodies of Mrs Margaret Chandler and Dr Gilbert Bogle near Fuller's Bridge, on the Lane Cove River in north Sydney. Gilbert Bogle was a physicist at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization while Margaret Chandler was the wife of Geoffrey Chandler who worked at the same organisation. Gilbert and Margaret were lovers, this being approved by their respective spouses. It was clear that the two had died from poison, but whether it was murder, a suicide pact, or an accidental drugs overdose has never been established. The house at Turramurra, which was on the market at a very low price, was the home of one of these two who were poisoned. It was, however, in a beautiful situation and the Szekeres family did not mind in the least its gruesome history. They lived there until 2004 when failing health forced George and Esther Szekeres to move from their rather remote home. They went back to Adelaide and soon Esther had to move to the Wynwood Nursing Home. Szekeres too moved to the Nursing Home seven weeks before his death and the two died there within an hour of each other.

### References (show)

1. K Briggs, George Szekeres (Personal communication) (January, 2006).
2. M Cowling, Obituary : George Skekeres, 29/5/1911-28/8/2005; Esther Szekeres-Klein, 20/2/1910-28/8/2005, Austral. Math. Soc. Gaz. 32 (4) (2005), 221-224.
3. M Cowling, A world of teaching and numbers - times two : George and Esther Szekeres, Mathematicians, 1911-2005, 1910-2005 ().
4. J R Giles and J S Wallis, George Szekeres. With affection and respect, J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. A 21 (4) (1976), 385-392.
5. D Harvey, George Szekeres Counts to Ninety (2002) ().
6. R B Potts, Mathematics at the University of Adelaide, 1944-58, Aust. Math. Soc. Gazette 12 (1985), 25-30.