# Edward Lindsay Ince

### Quick Info

Born
30 November 1891
Amblecote, Staffordshire, England
Died
16 March 1941
Edinburgh, Scotland

Summary
Edward Ince graduated from Edinburgh and researched at Edinburgh and Cambridge. He worked at universities in Leeds, Liverpool, Cairo, Edinburgh and Imperial College London before moving back to Edinburgh as Head of Technical Mathematics. He worked on Special Functions.

### Biography

Edward Ince's mother was Caroline Clara Cutler while his father, also named Edward Ince, was an Inland Revenue officer. Edward, his parents' only son, was born in Amblecote which is west of Birmingham. He was brought up in Wales, attending school first in the west coastal Welsh town of Criccieth, then the county school at Portmadoc, a few miles along the coast. Before his secondary education was complete, his family moved to Perth in Scotland where he completed his schooling at Perth Academy.

In 1909 Ince matriculated at Edinburgh University where he read mathematics. Cohn writes in [1]:-
He played a prominent part in the communal life of the university as senior president of the students' representative council and convener of the international academic committee.
Ince graduated in 1913 with First Class Honours in mathematics and was awarded a scholarship to remain at Edinburgh University to undertake research. World War I broke out in 1914 and Ince was called up but failed the medical, so was rejected for military service. In 1915 he went to Cambridge to continue research. He was a Smith's prizeman in 1917 but left to undertake war service. When the war ended in 1918 Ince was released from the war work he was undertaking and was appointed as a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Leeds. In 1920 he moved to Liverpool where again he held a lectureship in mathematics. While holding this appointment he married Phyllis Fry in 1924; they had two daughters.

In 1926 Ince left Liverpool to take up the chair of pure mathematics at the Egyptian University in Cairo. There he built up a strong department but in 1931 he decided to return to Britain. There were two main reasons why he chose to return, first that he felt that he wanted his daughters educated in Britain, and second that he found the climate was having an adverse effect on his health. After teaching at Edinburgh University during the academic year 1931-32, he then was appointed to Imperial College, London, where he taught until 1935 when he was appointed as head of the department of Technical Mathematics at Edinburgh.

Ince's research was mainly on differential equations. Émile Mathieu discovered the Mathieu functions, which are special cases of hypergeometric functions, in 1868 while solving the wave equation for an elliptical membrane moving through a fluid. Ince was the first to prove the proving the uniqueness of the Mathieu functions as periodic solutions. His work led him to discover techniques for the numerical study of these functions [1]:-
By the use of convergent infinite determinants and continued fractions, with asymptotic formulae for large values, he succeeded in making computations practicable and after eight years' devotion to this task he published in 1932 tables of eigenvalues for Mathieu's equation, and zeros of Mathieu functions. These tables were useful not only in the problems originally envisaged but also in more recent investigations such as quantum-mechanical problems leading to Mathieu's equation.
Ince published a major text Ordinary Differential Equations (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1926). This [1]:-
... gave a modern presentation of the theory, using methods from algebra as well as analysis. ... it immediately became a classic and remained in print for many years.
The importance of the work can be realised from the fact that Dover Publications, New York republished it in 1944.

On behalf of the British Association Committee for the Calculation of Mathematical Tables, Ince prepared Mathematical Tables, Volume IV: Cycles of reduced ideals in quadratic fields which was published in 1934. Again this work was reprinted, this time for the Royal Society by Cambridge University Press in 1966. After Ince returned to the chair in Edinburgh he became involved with the short student texts which were being published by Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. He contributed Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations and set out his aims in the Preface dated May 1939:-
The object of this book is to provide in a compact form an account of the methods of integrating explicitly the commoner types of ordinary differential equation, and in particular those equations that arise from problems in geometry and applied mathematics. It takes the existence of solutions for granted ... With this qualification, it will be found to contain all the material needed by students in our Universities who do not specialize in differential equations, as well as by students of mathematical physics and technology.
A C Aitken and D E Rutherford wrote the Preface to the second edition of Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations of April 1943:
The Second Edition, through the untimely death of the author in March 1941, has not had the advantage of being revised by him.
Arthur Erdélyi had made some revisions to the text for this second edition. In 1965 a German translation of the second English edition was published as Die Integration gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen by the Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim.

The two papers The periodic Lamé functions and Further investigations into the periodic Lamé functions both appeared in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1940. Bateman reviewing these papers writes that the approach:-
... is similar to that previously used by [Ince] to prove the corresponding theorem for Mathieu functions. The nucleus of an integral equation for one of the periodic Lamé functions is expanded in series of products of the characteristic functions .... Functions with periods exceeding 2π are finally considered, particularly those of period 4. Such functions can exist for all values of $n$ and are expressible in a finite form when $2n$ is an odd integer. These finite forms have been considered by Halphen and others, but the results given here are simpler and more significant than those hitherto discovered.
One further paper, Simultaneous linear partial differential equations of the second order, was edited by Erdélyi after Ince's death and published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1942.

Ince was honoured with election to the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 5 March 1923. The Society awarded him their Makdougall Brisbane prize, but sadly he died before he was able to receive the award.

### References (show)

1. Biography by P M Cohn, in Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004). See THIS LINK.
2. A C Aitken, Obituary : Dr E L Ince, Nature 148 (1941), 309-310.
3. E T Whittaker, Edward Lindsay Ince, J. London Math. Soc. 16 (1941), 139-144.
4. A W Young, Edward Lindsay Ince, Year Book of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1940-41), 18.
5. A W Young, Obituary : Edward Lindsay Ince, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 6 (2) (1941), 263-264.