# Nicolaas Hendrik Kuiper

### Quick Info

Born
28 June 1920
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Died
12 December 1994
Utrecht, The Netherlands

Summary
Nicolaas Kuiper was a Dutch mathematician who made important contributions to operator theory as well as to topology and statistics.

### Biography

Nicolaas Kuiper was known as Nico to his friends and colleagues. He studied mathematics at Leiden University from 1937 until 1941. He published his first paper, Lines in $\mathbb{R}^{4}$, in 1941. This major 20 page paper was reviewed by Donald Coxeter who wrote:-
Part A deals with the quintic sixfold in projective 9-space whose points represent the $\infty ^{6}$ lines in projective 4-space (just as the points on a quadric fourfold in 5-space represent the $\infty ^{4}$ lines in 3-space). The possible sections by a line, plane, 3-space or 4-space are described exhaustively. Part B applies these results to the theory of lines in 4-space. ...
Kuiper continued his studies at Leiden working for a doctorate with Willem van der Woude as his advisor and was awarded the degree in 1946 for his thesis Onderzoekingen over lijnenmeetkunde which discussed a topic in classical differential geometry. V Hlavaty, reviewing the published version of the thesis writes:-
Using the Study method of dual vectors, the author develops the line geometry in a Euclidean three-space (without using point coordinates). This enables him to state a "translation rule," which converts theorems in spherical or two-dimensional elliptic geometry to line geometry theorems in Euclidean three-dimensional space. The results (known) about infinitesimal properties of surfaces are used in the generalization of Bertrand curves. The author finds rectilinear surfaces with identical principal normals (the second axis of the canonical trihedron). Homological lines on such surfaces have an arbitrary constant dual angle. Finally, the author uses his method in order to build up the background for investigations by dual vectors of two- and three-dimensional line spaces (theory of line congruences, line complexes and line congruences in line complexes).
After the award of his doctorate Kuiper spent some time in the United States, first at Michigan University where he met Raoul Bott and his student Stephen Smale, then at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he developed a close significant collaboration with the Shiing-Shen Chern [2]:-
It is easy to see that even at this early stage in his career, Kuiper had a characteristic way of working - he would pay attention to a result or an approach of another mathematician and find that he was rephrasing the concepts in his mind, asking new questions, and more often than not coming up with a fresh insight. It is not surprising that he became a coauthor of a great many papers over the years.
Following the publication of his thesis, Kuiper published papers such as On differentiable line systems of one dual variable (1948), On conformally-flat spaces in the large (1949), A closure theorem (1949), On compact conformally Euclidean spaces of dimension > 2 (1950), On linear families of involutions (1950), Compact spaces with a local structure determined by the group of similarity transformations in $\mathbb{E}^{n}$ (1950), Einstein spaces and connections (1950), and Distribution modulo 1 of some continuous functions (1950).

Returning to the Netherlands from the United States, Kuiper taught mathematics and statistics at the Landbouwhogeschool (Agricultural Institute) in Wageningen, contributing a number of geometric insights to the theory of design of experiments. For example in his paper Analysis of variance (1952) he shows how terms used in factorial design can be conceptionally simplified in the language of linear vector spaces. In 1959 he published the textbook Analytische meetkunde (verklaard met lineaire algebra) [Analytic geometry (interpreted by linear algebra)]. S R Struik writes:-
This is no ordinary textbook. Right from the beginning it defines vectors and $n$-vector space in modern symbolism, gives in concise form the axioms to be utilized throughout, treats the different topics (e.g., affine plane, classification of endomorphisms, quadratic and symmetric bilinear functions, some applications to statistics, motions and affine transformations, and some topology) by up-to-date methods and thus creates a model of a book for the budding research-scientist, ingenious, clear, consistent in structure. Definitions are chosen so as to be fit for generalizations.... Significant for our times is its planned use for the ambitious Dutch high school teacher, acquiring up-to-date knowledge in this field, to be tested in additional examinations.
An English translation Linear algebra and geometry was published in 1962:-
It will particularly appeal to those instructors who want to give their students the meat of the subject rather than feed them with diluted juice, and to those who like to have more of truly geometric content in such a course, which other text books now available in this country often lack.
In 1962 he was appointed as Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Amsterdam. He devoted himself to [2]:-
... differential geometry, differential topology, and algebraic topology, and nurturing a number of doctoral students and post-doctoral visitors.
In 1971 Kuiper was appointed Director of the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette near Paris. As Director of IHES, he worked hard to obtain outside support for the Institute, notably from European and American sources. Allyn Jackson writes [1]:-
It was Kuiper who persuaded scientific societies from other countries to contribute funds to the IHES, and today such contributions remain a small but important part of the institute's budget. ... Kuiper excelled on the scientific side. According to David Ruelle, who has been a permanent professor at the IHES since 1964, Kuiper understood that in-depth discussion of research matters was the best way to make decisions about whom to invite. These discussions, says Ruelle, "were more interesting and effective than a case-by-case discussion of individual applications, with the usual guesswork of how to read between the lines of letters of recommendation." Still, there was dissatisfaction over Kuiper's lack of attention to physics and his inability to penetrate the workings of the French bureaucracy.
Kuiper retired as director of the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in 1985. He remained in the IHES after his retirement until 1991 when he returned to the Netherlands.

The mathematics for which he is best known is tight and taut submanifolds. Banchoff gives the following appreciation of his work in that area [2]:-
Tight and taut immersions are a living and growing part of contemporary mathematics largely due to the legacy of Nicolaas Kuiper. He made central contributions to many different areas of mathematics during his long and productive career, but it is in tight and taut immersions that his geometric style showed forth in a special way. In that subject, his personal enthusiasm and extraordinary geometric insight combined to bring forth examples and theorems of great conceptual and visual appeal. He delighted in discovering new phenomena, and in presenting his examples using sketches and in cardboard or wire-frame models. He found surprising connections among apparently unrelated areas of mathematics, creating entirely new methods for handling a range of geometric structures: analytic, differentiable, once-differentiable, combinatorial, and top logical. He was the first to appreciate the essentially geometric character of tightness, exploiting the relationship between the minimal total curvature condition for smooth submanifolds and critical point theory so that the notion could be extended to non-smooth objects. He guided generations of mathematicians who have followed his lead.
In [3] Thomas E Cecil and Shiing-shen Chern write:-
Kuiper made major contributions to the field of tight and taut submanifolds over an extended period of time. In particular, his technique of the analysis of topsets became an essential tool in almost all work in the area of tight immersions and maps.
The book Tight and taut submanifolds contains a paper based on the Roever Lectures in Geometry Kuiper gave at Washington University in St Louis, USA, from 20 January to 24 January 1986. These lectures gave a survey which provides [3]:-
... a masterly introduction to the subject and a good exposition of some more advanced topics, concentrating on topological aspects, in particular the analysis of topsets. It also contains a detailed proof of Kuiper's remarkable result that a tight two-dimensional surface substantially immersed in $\mathbb{R}^{5}$ must be a Veronese surface.
Jacques Tits paid the following tribute to Kuiper:-
Nico made central contributions to many different areas of mathematics during his long and productive career, but it is in tight and taut immersions that his geometric style showed forth in a special way. In that subject, his personal enthusiasm and extraordinary geometric insight combined to bring forth examples and theorems of great conceptual and visual appeal.
Finally let us note that the IHES paid tribute to Kuiper by naming their new library the "Nicolaas Kuiper Library". The report of the official naming ceremony reads:-
On May 23, 2003, His Excellency Christiaan Kröner, Ambassador to Netherlands in France, officially named the new Library in honour of Nicolaas Kuiper who succeeded Léon Motchane as Director of IHES. During his mandate, Nicolaas Kuiper succeeded in getting European support and helped greatly to build the international reputation of IHES.

### References (show)

1. A Jackson, The IHES at Forty, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. (March 1999), 329-337.
2. T F Banchoff, Remembering Nicolaas Kuiper [1920-1994], in Tight and taut submanifolds, Berkeley, CA, 1994, Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. 32 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1997), xiii-xv.
3. T E Cecil and Shiing-shen Chern, Preface, Tight and taut submanifolds, Berkeley, CA, 1994, Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. 32 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1997), xi-xii.
4. M Chaperon, Nicolaas H Kuiper (1920-1994) (French), Gaz. Math. No. 63 (1995), 91.
5. List of publications of Nicolaas H Kuiper, in Tight and taut submanifolds, Berkeley, CA, 1994, Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ. 32 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1997), 341-348.
6. K Strambach and F D Veldkamp, In memoriam N H Kuiper, Geom. Dedicata 54 (1) (1995), v.

### Honours (show)

Honours awarded to Nicolaas Kuiper

### Cross-references (show)

Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update July 2008