# Thomas Murray MacRobert

### Quick Info

Born
4 April 1884
Dreghorn, Ayrshire, Scotland
Died
1 November 1962
Glasgow, Scotland

Summary
Thomas MacRobert studied at Glasgow and Cambridge universities. He returned to Glasgow to a series of posts culminating in the professorship. He worked on Complex Analysis.

### Biography

Thomas MacRobert's parents were Isabella Edgeley Fisher and the Rev Thomas MacRobert. The Rev MacRobert was a minister in the church at Dreghorn, a position he held for 57 years. He held strong political views, and gave strong Liberal support. He was a friend of Keir Hardie, who was elected to Parliament as an Independent in 1892 on the manifesto of supporting working men and in 1906 became the first to lead the Labour Party in the House of Commons. The Rev MacRobert was also prominent in the Congregational Union and served as its President. The political and religious influences on the young MacRobert as he grew up remained important factors throughout his life. In fact, so strong were these influences that he later considered following his father into the Church, and still later he considered a life in politics.

MacRobert entered the University of Glasgow in 1901. Rankin writes [2]:-
His original intention was to follow his father in the Congregational ministry; he used to say that he gave up the idea because he considered that he would have made a poor preacher.
He graduated with both an M.A. with First Class Honours in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy and a B.Sc. with Special Distinction in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in 1905. Although he had a very successful undergraduate career, he certainly did not devote himself single-mindedly to his studies. He still had political ambitions and he showed his talents in this area when he became highly involved with the Rectorial elections at the University.

After completing his undergraduate studies at Glasgow, MacRobert took the route many other leading Scots took at that time and followed his degree from a Scottish University with a degree at Cambridge. He sat the scholarship examinations for Trinity College and was given a major award. He was a Wrangler in Part I of the Mathematical Tripos in 1908 and was First Class in Part II in 1910. Rankin writes [2]:-
MacRobert enjoyed his time at Cambridge. He spoke in the Union, supporting the policies of the Liberal Government, for which he had a great admiration; he even considered seriously making his career in politics.
After taking Part II, MacRobert returned to Glasgow where, in October 1910, he was appointed as an Assistant to Gibson who had been named professor of mathematics at Glasgow University in the previous year. MacRobert spent his whole career at Glasgow. He was promoted to Lecturer in Mathematics there in 1913. Of course World War I broke out in the following year and MacRobert served as a Lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Artillery for the period of the war. After Gibson retired due to ill health in 1927, he was appointed to fill the chair. He held the chair in Glasgow for 27 years until he retired in 1954 at the age of 70. In 1914 MacRobert married Violet McIlreaith; they had one daughter and two sons.

From the description above it is clear that MacRobert was appointed to Glasgow without having undertaken research. In fact he did not publish his first paper until 1916 after he had completed three years as an Assistant and a further three years as a Lecturer. However in 1917 he published an important book Functions of a complex variable and in the same year he was awarded a D.Sc. by the University of Glasgow for his work on functions of a complex variable. Reviewing the third edition of the book, published in 1947, R P Boas, Jr writes:-
The first edition of this well-known text appeared in 1917, the second in 1933. Its special features are an emphasis on geometrical methods, extensive discussion of special functions and second-order differential equations, and a profusion of illustrative examples. The new edition differs from the second by the addition of an appendix [20 pages] on generalized hypergeometric functions and a collection of 125 new miscellaneous examples.
We should say something of MacRobert's involvement with three Scottish societies; the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Glasgow Mathematical Association. He was a member of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society for many years and served as President of the Society in 1921-22. In 1927 he brought forward proposals to the Committee. Rankin writes:-
... his scheme was that the Proceedings should be retained for research papers, but that the Society should publish in place of the Mathematical Notes a new periodical, to be called the Journal of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, which would contain articles on History, Methods of Teaching, Notes, Discussions on Elementary Mathematics, etc.
After much discussion and changes in proposed publication strategy by the Society, MacRobert finally resigned from the Committee early in 1931 and later that year he withdrew Glasgow's invitation to hold meetings of the Society there. No further meetings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society took place in Glasgow until after MacRobert retired.

MacRobert was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 7 March 1921 proposed by George Alexander Gibson, Andrew Gray, James Gordon Gray, and Robert Alexander Houstoun. He served on the Council of that Society from 1931 to 1934 but he resigned from the Society in 1940. The third society that MacRobert was involved with was the Glasgow Mathematical Association of which he was a founder member. He served twice as President of the Association and towards the end of his career he was made Honorary President. Rankin writes [2]:-
It was entirely due to his initiative that the Association, with the support of the University Court of the University of Glasgow, embarked in 1951 on the publication of its Proceedings, and he served on the editorial committee until his death.
We have said little so far about MacRobert's mathematics. We noted above that he published his classic text Functions of a complex variable in 1917. In fact it was his second publication and he published further books Spherical harmonics (1927) and Trigonometry (in four parts in 1937-38). Reviewing the second edition of Spherical harmonics : An Elementary Treatise on Harmonic Functions with Applications (to give the work its full title) which was published in 1947, Erdélyi wrote:-
This work contains a great deal more than its title would seem to promise. It is a very useful text-book on special functions, and an introduction to their application to partial differential equations of mathematical physics. The treatment is at the level of a course in advanced calculus; accordingly no contour integration methods are used, and all variables and parameters are real, except in the last two chapters in which the variable is complex.
In fact the most important of MacRobert's research only started in the middle of the 1930s when he discovered the $E$-function [2]:-
Up to that point MacRobert had no clearly delineated field of research but applied his analytical skill to a variety of problems connected with special functions, especially functions related to hypergeometric functions, and related topics.
The $E$-function was a generalisation of the generalised hypergeometric functions, and from 1938 onwards MacRobert produced a whole series of works on the properties of the $E$-function and integrals with $E$-functions. To read MacRobert's own description of the $E$-function we refer the reader to the fourth edition of his Functions of a complex variable (1954).

We now describe briefly some of these papers. Formulae for generalized hypergeometric functions as particular cases of more general formulae (1939) showed how certain known formulae for generalized hypergeometric functions can be derived as particular cases of formulae of more general type involving multiple series; Some formulae for the E-function (1941) showed how special cases of the formulae derived lead to interesting relations between Bessel functions, Legendre functions and confluent hypergeometric functions; and Proofs of some formulae for the hypergeometric function and the E-function (1943) gave alternative proofs for some known theorems on hypergeometric functions, then gives a formula for an integral involving the product of two $E$-functions. He continued to produce papers on the $E$-function such as On an identity involving E-functions (1948), Integral of an E-function expressed as a sum of two E-functions (1953), An integral involving an E-function and an associated Legendre functions of the first kind (1953), Integrals involving E-functions (1958), Infinite series of E-functions (1959). In fact MacRobert published four further papers (in addition to the above) in 1959, five in 1960, three in 1961 and three in 1962 which was the year of his death.

Rankin describes MacRobert's qualities as a colleague and teacher in [2]:-
The affection and respect in which he was held by colleagues and former students was amply demonstrated when, after his retirement, they commissioned Mr Norman Hepple (now R.A.) to paint his portrait. This fine picture, conveying something of his character and personality, hangs in the Mathematics Classroom at Glasgow University. ... Not only Glasgow students received MacRobert's willing help; many mathematicians overseas, whose researches followed the lines of his work, benefited greatly from his advice, and he gave them generous help, particularly in the preparation of the manuscripts of their papers for publication in British journals.

### References (show)

1. R P Gillespie and A ErdéIyi, Thomas Murray MacRobert, Proc. Glasgow Math. Association 6 (1963), 57-64.
2. R A Rankin, Thomas Murray MacRobert, J. London Math. Soc. 39 (1964), 176-182.
3. R A Rankin, Prof T M MacRobert, Nature 196 (4861) (1962), 1267.