Józef Puzyna
Quick Info
Nowy Martynów, Galicia, Austrian Empire (now Martynów Nowy Ukraine)
Stańków, Poland (now Stankiv, Ukraine)
Biography
Józef Puzyna was the son of Włodzimierz Antoni Ezekiel (1825-1896), prince of Puzyna, and his wife Felicja Rucka (1825-1899) of Jastrzębiec. The Puzyna family could trace their roots back to the Rurik dynasty of the 13th century. Andrej Kotljarchuk writes [14]:-... one branch of the old Ruthenian Prince family of the Puzyna had settled down in the district of Upyté. During the 17th century, this branch of the family converted to Calvinism and assimilated with its ethnically non-Slavic neighbours. Another branch of the Puzyna, which settled among the Ruthenians, resisted polonization and preserved its East Slavic identity. In mid-17th century, the head of this branch, Afanasiusz Puzyna, became Orthodox bishop of Lutsk. Later, members of the Puzyna family would take part in three different national movements (Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian). Jonas Puzinas became a prominent Lithuanian archaeologist.Włodzimierz was a wealthy landowner directly descended from Jan Puzyna, the brother of the Orthodox bishop of Lutsk, who converted to become a Roman Catholic after his marriage. Włodzimierz and his wife Felicja had three daughters and one son: Kazimiera Józefa Oktawia Puzyna (born 1855), Józef Puzyna (the subject of this biography, born 1856), Izabella Ścibor-Rylska (born 1857) and Antonina Puzyna (born 1862).
Józef Puzyna was brought up in Galicia which at that time was part of the Austrian Empire. Although Austria had Germanised the region from 1800, it was granted autonomy in 1867 with schools and Lwów University allowed to teach in Polish. The Franz Joseph Gymnasium had been established in around 1850 by Agenor Romuald Gołuchowski, a member of the Austrian parliament, Minister of Interior, and Governor of Galicia, who was an advisor to Emperor Franz Joseph. The Polish language was the language of instruction when Puzyna studied there. He graduated in 1875 and, later that year, began his studies in the Philosophy Faculty of Lwów University. He attended lectures on mathematics, physics, chemistry and philosophy but his main interests were in mathematics and physics. He attended lectures on mathematics from Wawrzyniec Żmurko (1824-1889) and on applied mathematics by Oskar Fabian (1846-1899). He attended experimental physics courses taught by Tomasz Stanecki (1826-1891), and philosophy lectures by Euzebiusz Czerkawski (1822-1896) who, in addition to his work in philosophy, was a leading educational reformer. He was also taught psychology and natural philosophy by Julian Ochorowicz (1850-1917).
Army service was required and Puzyna took the academic year 1877-78 away from his studies to spend it in the Austrian army. At the end of the year he was given the rank of reserve lieutenant and was able to return to Lwów University to complete his studies. He was working towards two qualifications, first to gain the qualifications required so that he could teach in a Gymnasium but he also wanted to be in a position to be able to complete the requirements for a doctorate. After taking written examinations on pedagogy, mathematics and physics, he was awarded his teaching certificate on 1 June 1882. He was already undertaking research towards his doctorate advised by Żmurko but while completing this he took on a teaching post at a Gymnasium in Lwów. He submitted his thesis O pozornie dwuwartościowych określonych całkach podwójnych Ⓣ which was examined by Wawrzyniec Żmurko and Oskar Fabian. In his thesis he investigated the dependence of the double integral on the order of integration. He took examinations in mathematics and physics on 2 December 1882 and philosophy on 2 July 1883, all of which he passed as "excellent". Having completed the formalities successfully, Puzyna received the degree of doctor of philosophy on 5 July 1883.
In 1883 Puzyna was awarded a scholarship which enabled him to study abroad. He sought advice from Żmurko about the best place to go to further his studies and Żmurko suggested that Berlin would be best. Puzyna spent the academic year 1883-84 in Berlin where he attended lectures by many world leading mathematicians. Among the mathematicians whose lectures he attended there were Karl Weierstrass, Leopold Kronecker, Lazarus Fuchs, Eduard Kummer, Eugen Netto, Reinhold Hoppe (1816-1900), Johannes Knoblauch (1855-1915) and Carl Runge [12]:-
In the winter semester, his main attention was given to familiarising himself with Weierstrass's theory of functions, and in the summer semester he studied new directions in geometry. At the same time, throughout the whole year, he participated in the mathematics seminar, which was led in the first half of the year by Professor L Kronecker, and in the second half by Professors K Weierstrass and L Kronecker.Back in Lwów after his very profitable year in Berlin, Puzyna was ready for the necessary procedure to obtain his habilitation. He submitted two theses, the first being his doctoral thesis which by this time had been printed, and the second being the manuscript thesis Przyczynek do teorii obliczenia symbolów nieoznaczonych Ⓣ. He was also asked to submit a list of courses which he had prepared and his list consisted of: New methods in analytical geometry; Synthetic geometry; and Applications of infinitesimal calculus in geometry. He explained that in the first of these he would introduce the general methods of Julius Plücker's theory of algebraic curves and surfaces, in the second he would explain Jakob Steiner's geometric methods, and in the third he would examine properties of geometric bodies from the point of view of curvature on the basis of the differential calculus. Puzyna's habilitation examination was held on 11 December 1884 and the questioning was led by Żmurko. Having successfully passed this examination, he proceeded to the habilitation lecture which he gave on 15 December 1884 with title On Euler's integrals.
Puzyna began lecturing at the Lwów University in 1885 as a docent. On 20 July 1888 he married Janina Chojecka (1870-1940), the daughter of Stanisław Chojecki (1821-1911) and Klementyna Siemieńska (1841-1921), in Kraków. Józef and Janina Puzyna had three daughters and one son, Antonina Puzyna, born in Lwów in either 1889 or 1890, Anna Puzyna, born in Lwów on 23 September 1891, Maria Puzyna (1892-1976), born in Lwów on 27 September 1892, and Stefan Puzyna, born on 11 August 1899 in Lwów.
In 1889 Puzyna was promoted to extraordinary professor and made temporary Head of the Department of Mathematics at Lwów University following the death of Wawrzyniec Żmurko. In 1892 he became a full professor and his role as Head of the Department of Mathematics at Lwów University was confirmed. Up until 1888 he had only published one paper, being his doctoral thesis. In 1888, however, he published three papers: O zastosowaniu uogólnionych form interpolacyjnych Lagrange'a Ⓣ; O tak zwanych miejscach skupienia i ich zastosowaniu w Analizie Ⓣ; and Z Analizy Ⓣ. By 1898 he had published fifteen papers but in that year he published the first volume of his most famous work, the 2-volume book Teorya funkcyj analitycznych Ⓣ. Mykhailo Zarichnyi writes [23]:-
Puzyna worked mostly in complex analysis. His monograph on the theory of analytic functions in two volumes was the first Polish mathematical book that used the language of set theory.Puzyna had several important roles in Lwów University. He was dean of the Faculty of Philosophy in 1898-90, rector of the University in 1904-05 and vice-rector in 1905-06. As a teacher of mathematics he played a very important role. Stanisław Domoradzki writes in [3]:-
Famous mathematicians Stanisław Saks and Antony Zygmund highly praised Puzyna's monograph, considering it a real encyclopaedia of analysis, which, in addition to the contemporary exposition of the theory of analytic functions, contained information from the field of set theory and set-theoretic topology, group theory, algebra, differential equations, and harmonic functions.
Actually, Puzyna's book was the first attempt to teach a course in the theory of analytic functions based on set theory. One of the initial chapters of the book was devoted to the foundations of this theory, as well as some fundamental concepts of set-theoretic topology (accumulation point, derivative, compactness, connectedness, etc.). Examples of subsets of the set of real numbers with predetermined properties of the transfinite derivative (necessary for countable ordinal numbers) were presented.
However, later in the book, Puzyna changes the style of exposition of the material: the chapters on the topology of surfaces are actually written without the use of language of set theory. The author mostly relies on an intuitive-visual argument.
In fact, in Puzyna's book we observe a certain eclecticism, a combination of both the set-theoretical and the visual-intuitive approach. The latter corresponds to Poincaré's philosophical views: the basis of mathematics is intuition, and not everything in mathematics lends itself to formalisation and analytical exposition. When explaining the theory of surfaces, Puzyna appeals to the reader's geometric intuition and uses rich illustrative material. Note that a systematic presentation of the theory of surfaces based on set-theoretic topology would hardly be possible at that time, as it needed systematic development of the necessary topological apparatus, primarily homeomorphisms and deformations (homotopies).
As a professor, Puzyna always encouraged his students to work independently but was happy to support them with advice and guidance. His approachability, kindness and other personal qualities made students fell as if they were in the presence of a senior colleague, not a professor or a superior. It was only in closer contact with Puzyna that the richness of his nature was revealed. The simplicity and helpfulness characteristic of profound minds made him closer to his listeners, but much more than that. His lectures, always prepared in detail, attracted many students.He lectured on a wide range of topics. Courses he taught included: Modern Methods of Analytic Geometry (from 1885); Modern Geometry I (from 1885-86); Modern Geometry II (from 1886); Modern Geometry III (from 1901); Theory of Analytic Functions (from 1886-87); Theory of Elliptic Functions (from 1887-88); Theory of Abelian Functions (from 1888-89); Differential Calculus and An Introduction to Analysis (from 1889-90); Analytic Geometry on Surfaces (from 1889-90); Integral Calculus (from 1890-91); Theory of Numbers I (from 1891-92); Theory of Substitutions (from 1892); [Calculus of commutativity (from 1893); Differential Geometry (from 1902-03); Invariants (from 1908-09); Functions of Polyhedrons, Modular and Elliptic (from 1908-09); Integration of Differential Equations (from 1910); Conformal Mapping (from 1910); Fredholm's Equations (from 1908); Some Problems of Algebra; Spatial Analytic Geometry; Lie Differential Equations; On the History of Mathematics; The Mittag-Leffler Stars; Non-Euclidean Geometry; Partial Differential Equations; Algebraic Curves; and Linear Differential Equations.
For more information about courses delivered by Puzyna, see THIS LINK.
In the article [16] Agnieszka Niemczynowicz and Agnieszka Bojarska-Sokołowska look at Puzyna's lectures on integral equations. They write:-
The beginning of the theory of integral equations as an own discipline started in the late 19th and early 20th century with the work of Volterra, Fredholm and Hilbert. The lectures of Puzyna demonstrate the ideas of these pioneers. Puzyna's goal was to present, in a transparent way, the complete theory of the integral equations which was known at that time. With this aim he mixed different methods to solve integral equations.Puzyna did not have it easy as Head of the Department of Mathematics. For some years the only other professor was Jan Rajewski (1857-1906) who had also been awarded a doctorate from Lwów and had been appointed as a professor in 1900. Rajewski, however, had severe health problems and, by 1904, he was on long-term health leave. For a while Puzyna had to attempt to teach a full course of mathematics on his own. He was successful, however, in building up a strong department bringing outstanding mathematicians such as Wacław Sierpiński to his department. He gathered round him some exceptionally talented people such as Zygmunt Janiszewski and Stefan Mazurkiewicz. He taught Hugo Steinhaus, Otton Nikodym, Stanisław Leśniewski, Franciszek Leja, Volodymyr Levytsky, Antoni Łomnicki (1881-1941) and Stanisław Ruziewicz. There were no Polish mathematics congresses during Puzyna's lifetime but he attended the Mathematical Section of the 11th Congress of Polish Physicists and Naturalists in Kraków in 1911. Also at this Congress were a number of mathematician we have just mentioned such as Janiszewski, Sierpiński and Steinhaus.
...
Comparing the framework of Puzyna's lecture on integral equations with any modern lectures, we can notice, that his lecture was an introduction to the theory of integral equations mainly based on work of Fredholm. From the historical point of view the Fredholm's method was many years ahead of its time and had one of the most famous follower who was D Hilbert. We can notice Hilbert's influence in Puzyna's lecture and in the concept of the modern theory of integral equations as well.
In [3] we are told about some of Puzna's interests outside mathematics:-
He had broad musical interests, was a great pianist and admirer of Wagner's music, and it is worth emphasising both his broad interests in the humanities and in the field of management and in running a farm. His estate in Stańków in Stryi district was known for its excellence in Galicia.The last few years of Puzyna's life were very difficult due to World War I. The area where he lived was occupied by the Russians from October 1914 but fierce fighting continued there. It became part of the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918 and Puzyna died there in March 1919 only a few weeks before it was annexed by Poland. He was buried in the cemetery in Stryi close to where he lived in the village of Stanków, now Stankiv in Ukraine.
References (show)
- 100th anniversary of the day of death of J Puzyna, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (March 2019).
http://www.math.lviv.ua/puzyna/ - S M Brzozowski, Puzyna, Józef Fürst (1856-1919), Mathematiker, Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 8 (1982), 349.
https://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_P/Puzyna_Jozef_1856_1919.xml - S Domoradzki, Józef Puzyna, Giganci Nauk (2024).
https://gigancinauki.pl/gn/biogramy/83479,Puzyna-Jozef.html - S Domoradzki, Józef Puzyna (1856-1919) - the pioneer of Polish mathematical school, in Adam Lecko (ed.), Current research in mathematical and computer sciences (Publishing House of the University of Warmińsko-Mazurskiego in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, 2017), 11-22.
- S Domoradzki, Set theory in Józef Puzyna's Theory of analytic functions (Polish), Antiquitates Mathematicae 4 (2010), 45-58.
https://wydawnictwa.ptm.org.pl/index.php/antiquitates-mathematicae/article/view/571/6477 - S Domoradzki, The growth of mathematical culture in the Lvov area in the autonomy period (1870-1920) (Matfyzpress, Charles University, Prague, 2011).
- S Domoradzki, Riemann surfaces in Puzyna's monograph: Teoria funkcji analitycznych, Technical Transactions 2015, Fundamental Sciences, Issue NP 2 (2015), 93-98.
- S Domoradzki, On various aspects of the activity of Prof J Puzyna (1856-1919) in Lwów, in J Bečvař and M Bečvařová (ed.), 35th International Conference on the History of Mathematics (Matfyzpress, Charles University, Prague, 2014), 149-156.
- S Domoradzki and M Zarichnyi, On beginning of topology in Lvov, Technical Transactions 2015, Fundamental Sciences, Issue NP 2 (2015), 143-152.
- R Duda, Lviv School of Mathematics (Polish) (Wrocław, 2007).
- R Duda, Pearls From a Lost City: The Lvov School of Mathematics (American Mathematical Society, 2014).
- O Hryniv and Y Prytula, Jozef Puzyna, precursor of the Lviv Mathematical School (Ukrainian), Visnyk Lvivskogo Universytetu Seriya Mekhaniko-Matematychna 85 (2018), 5-23.
- A Ilnytska, J Ilnytskyi, Yu Holovatch and A Trokhymchuk, Marian Smoluchowski: A story behind one photograph, Condensed Matter Physics 15 (4) (2012), 47101: 1-8.
- A Kotljarchuk, In the shadows of Poland and Russia, Södertörn Doctoral Dissertation (2006).
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:16352/FULLTEXT01.pdf - A Łomnicki and S Ruziewicz, Józef Puzyna (1856-1919), Wiadomości Matematyczne 25 (1921), 113-119.
- A Niemczynowicz and A Bojarska-Sokołowska, Integral equations in Puzyna's teaching and research as seen today, Bulletin de la Société des Sciences et des Lettres de Łódź. Série: Recherches sur les Déformations 66 (2) (2016), 129-144.
- A Płoski, On the work of Józef Puzyna "Theory of analytical functions" (Polish), in S Fudali (ed.), Materials from the 2nd National School of the History of Mathematics (Szczecin 1988), 237-243.
- Y Prytula, Józef Puzyna - the precursor of the Lviv School of Mathematics, in M Przeniosło (ed.), Mathematical Studies of the Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences in Kielce 11 (2009), 113-119.
- J Puzyna, Teoria funkcji analitycznych 1 (H Altenberg, Lwów, 1898).
- J Puzyna, Teoria funkcji analitycznych 2 (Academy of Arts and Sciences, Lwów, 1900).
- W Sierpiński and S Ruziewicz, Professor Józef Puzyna (Polish), Wiadomości Matematyczne 25 (1921), 7-9.
- M T Święcka, prince Józef Puzyna h. Oginiec, geni.com.
https://www.geni.com/people/prince-J%C3%B3zef-Puzyna-h-Oginiec/6000000009653068146 - M Zarichnyi, Towards the Philosophy of the Lwów School of Mathematics Philosophia Scientiae 27 (3) (2023), 215-227.
https://journals.openedition.org/philosophiascientiae/4143 - Y Prytula, Mathematics in Lviv, in Leopolis Scientifica. Exact Sciences in Lviv until the middle of the 20th (Lviv, 2021), 145-234.
Additional Resources (show)
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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update November 2024
Last Update November 2024