Frigyes Riesz
Quick Info
Györ, Austria-Hungary (now Hungary)
Budapest, Hungary
Biography
Frigyes Riesz was the son of Ignácz Riesz (1843-1918), who was a medical man, and Szidónia Nagel (1858-1930). Perhaps before we begin this biography we should say a little about the name Frigyes. This name is Hungarian but, when Hungary was part of the Austria-Hungarian Empire, many Hungarians were given German names which they later changed to show their Hungarian identity. Frigyes Riesz actually used several variants of his name, publishing under the names Frigyes, Frédéric, Friedrich or Frederick, these being the Hungarian, French, German and English versions respectively. We will use the name Frigyes throughout this biography.Frigyes' father, Ignácz Riesz, graduated from the Benedictine Gymnasium in Győr, and then studied in Vienna (1861-1866) for his medical diploma. He lived in Győr from 1866 where he was vice-president of the Győr Jewish school board (1873-1906) and he financially supported the community's elementary school. In 1903 and 1909, he was one of the representatives of the Győr Jews at the 12th district meeting of the Hungarian Jews. He was a member of the Győr Singing and Music Association. Ignácz Riesz married Szidónia Nagel on 15 September 1878 in Győr. Szidónia Nagel was the daughter of the merchant Benő Nagel and his wife Róza. Benő Nagel lived in Győr from the 1860s where he was a grain merchant and founded a bank. He also held positions in the religious community (church building committee, treasurer), and from 1874 to 1891 he was the president of the united religious community of Győrsziget, a district of Győr.
Ignácz and Szidónia Riesz lived in a house on the corner of Kazinczy Street and Jedlik Ányos Street, located in the historic city center of Győr. They had six children: Frigyes Riesz (born 1880), the subject of this biography; Dezső Riesz (born 1881), Isabell Riesz (born 1883); Marcel Riesz (born 1886); Sándor Riesz (born 1888); and Margit Riesz (born 1894). Let us say a little about Frigyes's siblings. Dezső Riesz was born in Győr on 31 December 1881 and died only days later on 3 January 1882. Other than the year of her birth, we have no further information about Isabell Riesz but believe she also died as a baby. Marcel Riesz, born in Győr on 16 November 1886, became a famous mathematician and has a biography in this archive. Sándor Riesz was born in Győr on 29 February 1888. He studied in the Faculty of Law of the University of Budapest and became head of the Cluj People's Aid Office in 1915. He served on the Eastern Front during World War I and was wounded. At the end of 1919 he opened a law office in Budapest then, from 1947, he was a notary in Szeged. Margit Riesz was born in Győr on 3 December 1894. She married the German and French language teacher Alfréd Szauer. In 1944, Margit, Alfréd and their daughter Zsuzsa became victims of the Holocaust in Auschwitz.
Although the Riesz family were Jewish and Frigyes and his siblings were all born into the Jewish faith, Frigyes' secondary education was at the Győr Benedictine High School. He began his studies there in 1889 when he was nine years old. He was influenced by teachers of mathematics and physics in the way described in [19]:-
Frigyes Riesz attended high school in Győr, where Dániel Arany taught. When Dániel Arany started the Secondary School Mathematical Journals, Frigyes Riesz was 14 years old. The journal started at the best moment for him. Two years later, however, Dániel Arany left the faculty, and was replaced by an ambitious, young teacher, Zoltán Kovács, who had graduated from university under the spell of Loránd Eötvös and preferred natural sciences to quantitative sciences. He soon began writing textbooks, and soon his textbook "Physics for the Upper Secondary School Classes" was used in various secondary schools across the country. We do not know the details of the process that may have taken place between the new physics teacher and a talented student interested in mathematics, but it is a fact that most of the sample solutions to physics problems posted in Lapok in 1896/97 were sent in by Frigyes Riesz. It cannot be a coincidence that after graduating from high school, Riesz enrolled at the Zurich University of Technology and even sent solutions to Lapok from there.We should also note that while at the Győr Benedictine High School Frigyes Riesz not only excelled in mathematics, winning prizes in the Secondary School Mathematics Competition, but he also excelled in writing, winning prizes in literary competitions in both his seventh grade (1895-1896) and his eighth grade (1896-1897). He graduated from the Győr Benedictine High School in 1897 and later that year began his university studies in Zurich at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. For two years he studied mathematics and physics at the ETH in Zurich but, deciding that he was more interested in mathematics than physics and also aiming as a career as a teacher, he transferred to Budapest in 1899. At the University of Budapest he took mathematics courses given by Gyula König, József Kürschák and Manó Beke (1862-1946), but maintained an interest in theoretical physics attending lecture by Loránd Eötvös and Izidor Fröhlich (1852-1931). Riesz studied for his doctorate advised by Gyula Vályi and was awarded the degree in 1902 for his thesis A negyedrendű elsőfajú térgörbén lévő pontkonfigurációk helyzetgeometriai tárgyalása Ⓣ. His introduction begins:-
Following the fundamental work of Clebsch in the theory of plane curves of the third order, Harnack and others have constructed the homogeneous coordinates of the points of a fourth order space-curve of the first kind as different elliptic functions of a parameter; the common property of these constructions is that the intersections of the curve with an arbitrary algebraic surface are characterised by the relation that the sum of their parameters is periodic. This relation, reducing the investigation of the configurations of the curve to the investigation of number-theoretical congruences, has led to conclusions that are considerably simpler and more transparent than geometric conclusions; and indeed, the greater part of the results concerning these configurations have been provided by analytical investigations; the analytical method has soon built up a whole system of theorems for which the geometric method could scarcely provide the basis. It seems that this system has now been completed by means of analytical investigations; at least there is no prospect of any important, substantially new results. If I nevertheless measure my subject from such a revised circle, I do so because the task is only seemingly thankless: for the theory of point configurations of a curve is by no means finished. The mathematician has the double task of searching for facts and investigating the connection between the facts found and those already known; of inserting the found into a coherent system without contradiction. We have found the greater part of the results analytically, because invention is easier in this way; but by the nature of the subject of our theory, geometry, or, with even greater restriction, the investigations devoid of all metric character, belongs to the framework of positional geometry.After the award of his doctorate, Riesz continued to study at the university of Budapest for his secondary school teaching certificate and he was awarded this for both mathematics and physics in 1903.
Riesz was keen to learn more about the latest mathematical developments which were being studied at Göttingen University in Germany. He spent from 2 November 1903 to 30 April 1904 at Göttingen where he attended lectures by David Hilbert. Returning to Hungary, he began voluntary military service before being appointed as a substitute teacher at the Levoča State Academy of Sciences on 30 August 1904. In September 1906 he became a full-time teacher at the Levoča Academy. Riesz had been born into a Jewish family and brought up in the Jewish faith but, in 1906, he converted to the Reformed Church, the largest Protestant Christian church in Hungary. The authors of [14] wonder if there is a connection between his job becoming full-time and his baptism into the Christian Church. It is an interesting question to which we doubt we will ever know the answer.
Although working as a teacher in Levoča, Riesz was producing important mathematical results. He was a founder of functional analysis and his work has many important applications in physics. He built on ideas introduced by Fréchet in his dissertation, using Fréchet's ideas of distance to provide a link between Lebesgue's work on real functions and the area of integral equations developed by Hilbert and his student Schmidt. Riesz produced a representation theorem for quadratic Lebesgue integrable functions essentially showing that the space of such functions is a complete metric space. The paper was published in Comptes Rendus of the Academy of Sciences in 1907, two months before a similar result by Ernst Fischer was published in the same journal. The result, now called the Riesz-Fischer theorem, is one of the great achievements of the Lebesgue theory of integration. We note that the Riesz-Fischer theorem is fundamental in the Fourier analysis of Hilbert space. It was the mathematical basis for proving that matrix mechanics and wave mechanics were equivalent. This is of fundamental importance in early quantum theory.
In April 1908 Riesz attended the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rome and gave the talk Stetigkeitsbegriff und abstrakte Mengenlehre Ⓣ in Section 1 on 7 April. He begins his talk as follows:-
I begin by explaining in what sense I am speaking of continuity here today. To have a point of reference, I refer to those investigations into the foundations of geometry that place continuity, or more precisely, the concept of a continuously extended manifold, at the forefront of their assumptions. The best known are those of Riemann, Lie, and Hilbert. In Riemann's work, the concept of a continuously extended manifold is still somewhat vague; in Lie's, at least to the extent that it is used, it is defined to such an extent that it is implicitly contained in the analytical formulation of the problem. However, the essential point - namely, that this conceptualisation is primarily a definition of the limiting element, or more generally, a definition of the point of condensation - only emerges with sufficient clarity in Hilbert's work. The definition of the concept of the condensation point is achieved there by postulating a possibility of mapping the structures under consideration onto certain manifolds of numbers, which mapping also fulfils certain specified conditions; however, the concept of the condensation point is already defined for those manifolds of numbers.Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy writes in [25]:-
At the International Mathematical Congress in Rome held in 1908, Riesz formulated the axioms of a topological space, directly axiomatizing the concept of limit point and in this way arrived at the class of topological spaces which took a definitive place in modern topology under the name of the class of -spaces. Thus, science can thank Frigyes Riesz for the first successful introduction of the concept of topological space.When Riesz attended the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rome his address was still in Levoča (he gives the Hungarian version of the name, Lőcse) but later that year he moved to Budapest when he was appointed as a teacher at a Gimnázium in the 3rd district of Budapest.
In a 1909 paper, Riesz produced a similar result to his 1907 one but in terms of a Stieltjes integral. The following year he introduced the space of -fold Lebesgue integrable functions and so he began the study of normed function spaces, since, for such spaces are not Hilbert spaces. Riesz introduced the idea of the 'weak convergence' of a sequence of functions . A satisfactory theory of series of orthonormal functions only became possible after the invention of the Lebesgue integral and this theory was largely the work of Riesz. His work of 1910 marks the start of operator theory.
While teaching at the Gimnázium in Budapest, Riesz worked on his habilitation thesis so that he might be appointed to a university position in the University of Budapest. Before completing his habilitation thesis, however, in 1911 he applied for a position in the Third Mathematics Department of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Budapest. He was one of six who applied for this post and the committee examining the candidates ranked Riesz first in their recommendations. The University took several votes on the recommendations made by the committee and offered the position to József Suták (1865-1954), a teacher at the Piarist Gymnasium in Pest. Shortly after Riesz failed to be appointed to the University of Budapest, on 5 October 1911 the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University of Kolozsvár (the city is now known as Cluj-Napoca) unanimously agreed to invite him to fill the vacant position as full professor in the Department of Higher Quantitative Sciences. The ministry approved the decision on 20 October 1911 and, as a consequence Riesz stopped work on his University of Budapest habilitation thesis. In fact he was appointed as an extraordinary professor in Kolozsvár on 6 April 1912 and a full professor on 6 April 1914. He continued his innovative research and in 1918 his work came close to an axiomatic theory for Banach spaces, which were set up axiomatically two years later by Banach in his dissertation.
When Riesz was appointed to Cluj the city was in Hungary and known under the name Kolozsvár. World War I went badly for Hungary and, after the war ended in 1918 armies from surrounding countries invaded the country. In May 1919 Riesz wrote a letter (almost certainly to G H Hardy) explaining the extraordinary difficulties he and his colleagues were suffering [20]:-
The Romanian army in charge of occupying the city, together with those of our own compatriots of Romanian nationality wishing the unification of Transylvania (and therefore of a great part of Hungary) with the Romanian Kingdom, have cut us off from all means of communication with the rest of the world. Therefore, for the last three months I have not had any news at all either from my brother, who teaches in the Hogskola in Stockholm, nor from my mother and my sister, who live in western Hungary, 500 kilometres away from here, and who must be suffering cruelly under this cursed Bolshevistic movement. I have been deprived of mail for months. No newspapers, except for some Romanian newspapers, not even scientific journals! They have to be destroyed at the post office, a gap that will be very difficult to fill later! But this is only a silliness compared with recent events. On the 10th of this month, the Romanians, supported by military force, have declared that our university property belongs to the Romanian state.The professors have been asked to swear an oath of loyalty to the Romanian state and its king. And as we - leaning on the prescriptions of international law - unanimously declined such a betrayal of our fatherland, the university was beleaguered unexpectedly on the 12th of this month, 48 hours after the delivery of their request, during classes, using military force, the professors were banished from their institutes, our scientific equipment was taken, and about 2000 students were dispersed as a consequence of the immediate suspension of all university affairs!The Hungarian government was forced to sign the Treaty of Trianon on 4 June, 1920. Hungary was left with less than one third of the land that had previously been Hungary. Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia all took over large areas but Austria, Poland and Italy also gained land from Hungary. Kolozsvár was no longer in Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon but rather it was in Romania and was renamed Cluj, so the Hungarian University there had to move within the new Hungarian borders and it moved to Szeged in 1920, where there had previously been no university.
In Szeged in 1922 Riesz set up the János Bolyai Mathematical Institute in a joint venture with Alfréd Haar. Of course the Institute was named after the famous Hungarian mathematician whose birthplace was Kolozsvár, the town from which the university had just been forced to move. Riesz became editor of the newly founded journal of the Institute, the Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum, which quickly became a major source of mathematics. He was to publish many papers in this journal, the first in 1922 being on Egorov's theorem on linear functionals. It was published in the first part of the first volume. He was the vice-president of the National Secondary School Teacher Examination Board in Szeged from 27 November 1922. He was also elected Rector of the Faculty of Natural Sciences for the academic year 1925-1926 [25]:-
In his inaugural speech as university rector in 1925, which he gave under the title "Elementary Methods in Higher Mathematics", Frigyes Riesz demonstrated, using examples from higher mathematics, that in science "higher", "complicated", and "difficult" are not permanent adjectives, and that what is still such today may become "elementary", "simple", and "easy" tomorrow.In 1928 Riesz attended the International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, Italy where he chaired one of the Section I-B sessions and gave the lecture Sur la décomposition des opérations fonctionnelles linéaires Ⓣ in Section I-C. Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy writes in [25]:-
In his lecture at the 1928 International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna, Riesz pointed out that the relevant parts of linear operations of continuous functions can be characterised and generated without using the Stieltjes integral. His method is based on the concept of the majorant operation. His basic theorem is that any majorant set of linear operations always has a smallest majorant. His method has the great advantage that it is completely general, so that it can be applied not only to linear operations of continuous functions, but also to functions interpreted on arbitrary abstract sets.Of course although Riesz was happy in Szeged he would have liked to be appointed to the University of Budapest. An opportunity arose in 1936 when József Suták, who had been appointed in preference to Riesz in 1911, had retired from the Department of Higher Geometry in the Pázmány Péter University of Budapest. The University did not advertise the position but rather Lipót Fejér was asked by the Faculty to recommend to them the most suitable candidate. Fejér listed 21 Hungarian mathematicians, some working in Hungary and some abroad, who would be eligible. In his report he wrote that Frigyes Riesz was in a class of his own:-
... even among the excellent ones, a mathematician stands out, who, if we look at the weight of his pure mathematical discoveries and the time-tested nature of these, as well as the multitude of all his merits, is currently unmatched by anyone else.After writing seven pages praising Riesz's outstanding qualities Fejér proposed to the Faculty that Riesz be invited to the Department of Advanced Geometry without an application. The Faculty met on 26 November 1936 and rejected this proposal without debate with 11 votes to accept and 29 votes to reject. No reason was given for the rejection but it is hard to see that the reason could have been any other than Riesz's Jewish origin.
In March 1944 German troops entered Hungary. Riesz was invited to give two lectures at the University of Geneva in the spring of 1944 but was unable to attend because of the problems he now faced. We note that the text of the two lectures he could not deliver in person were published as Sur la théorie ergodique Ⓣ (1945). In Szeged, Riesz was required to wear a yellow star, was forced to retire and was told he would be confined to a ghetto. The Swedish Embassy pleaded that he be permitted special treatment and he was allowed to stay in his apartment with the approval of the Minister of the Interior. He sewed on the yellow star, but always wore an overcoat over it. He retired his professorship on 1 August 1944. Despite the humiliation he was made to suffer, he survived. His brother Sándor Riesz also survived but, as we noted above, his sister Margit was murdered in Auschwitz together with her husband and daughter.
Géza Lakatos was appointed Prime Minister of Hungary in August 1944 in an effort to distance Hungary from Nazi Germany and seek a separate peace with the Allies. The new government rapidly reversed the decisions made on the Jews and Riesz was appointed rector of the University of Szeged in the second semester of the 1944-1945 academic year. In late 1945 Riesz was appointed to the chair of mathematics in the University of Budapest. His brother Marcel Riesz, who was living in Sweden, organised a three-month lecture tour of universities in Sweden and Denmark for Frigyes Riesz and from December 1947 to March 1948 he undertook this lecture tour.
Many of Riesz's fundamental findings in functional analysis were incorporated with those of Banach. He made many contributions to other areas including ergodic theory where he gave an elementary proof of the mean ergodic theorem in 1938. He also studied orthonormal series and topology. Rogosinski, writes of Riesz's style [22]:-
The work of F Riesz is not only distinguished by the genuine importance of his results, but also by his aesthetic discernment in mathematical taste and diction. ... The more leisurely mastership of F Riesz's style, whether he writes in his native Hungarian, or in French or German, conveys such pleasure and is to the older mathematician a nostalgic remainder of what we are in danger to lose. For him there was no mere abstraction for the sake of a structure theory, and he was always turning back to the applications in some concrete and substantial situation.His book Leçon's d'analyse fonctionnelle Ⓣ (1952) is one of the most readable accounts of functional analysis ever written. Rogosinski describes this book, which Riesz wrote jointly with his student Béla Szökefalvi-Nagy, as follows [22]:-
Here, in the first half written by himself, we find the old master picturing to us Real Analysis as he saw it, lovingly, leisurely, and with the discerning eye of an artist. This book, I have no doubt, will remain a classic in the treasure house of mathematical literature. With it, and with all his other work, will live the memory of Frederic Riesz as a great and fertile mathematician for long in the history of our art.For details of this book, including extracts from the Preface and from reviews, see THIS LINK.
For details about Frigyes Riesz by those who knew him, see THIS LINK.
Riesz received many honours for his work. In 1917 he received the Tomori Anasztáz Foundation Prize from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He had been elected to the Hungarian Academy of Sciences as a corresponding member in 1915 and was elected a full member in 1936. Among those who recommended him for full membership were Lipót Fejér and Béla Kerékjártó and they made clear that in the twenty years since he was made a corresponding member:-
... his earlier discoveries have had such a profound and far-reaching impact, and during this time he has paved the way for so many new research directions that have already sparked the most lively scientific movement, and that Frigyes Riesz is now recognised by mathematicians all over the world as a leading mathematician of the first order. ... The Riesz-Fischer theorem had already had numerous notable applications, but now it has been shown that in theoretical physics Heisenberg quantum mechanics is equivalent to Schrödinger quantum mechanics, and the old Riesz theorem provides the basis for proving this very important fact. ... As a researcher, teacher, and journal editor, Frigyes Riesz devotes all his strength to the service of his country, of which he is proud to be one of its foremost scientists.The Hungarian Academy of Sciences awarded him its Marczibányi Prize in 1927, and its Grand Prize in 1946. In 1949 he was awarded its Gold Grade Kossuth Prize and in 1953 he was awarded its Kossuth Grand Prize. He received the Order of Merit of the People's Republic in 1950. He was elected a corresponding member of the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1948 and elected an external member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1954. He was also elected to the Royal Physiographic Society of Lund in Sweden. He received honorary doctorates from the universities of Szeged in 1946, Budapest in 1950 and Paris Sorbonne in 1954.
Riesz's functional analysis book was his last publication for his health began to fail. He spent his last six months in the Kútvölgyi sanatorium where he died in February 1956. After a small family funeral in the Reformed Church he was buried in the Kerepesi Cemetery (whose official name is the Fiume Road National Graveyard). We note that Loránd Eötvös and Lipót Fejér are also buried in Kerepesi Cemetery.
References (show)
- M Bernkopf, The Development of Functional Spaces, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 3 (1966-67), 1-96.
- A Csákány and A Varga, A szegedi egyetemi matematikai intézetek hetvenöt éve, in Szentirmai László (ed.), A Szegedi Tudományegyetem múltja és jelene 1921-1998 (Szeged, 1999), 380-397.
- A Császár, Life and work of Frigyes Riesz, Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Eötvös Sect. Math. 48 (2005), 45-57.
- Frigyes Riesz: necrologue (Russian), Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk 12 (4) (76) (1957), 155-166.
- Frigyes Riesz, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2025).
http://www.britannica.com/biography/Frigyes-Riesz - Frigyes Riesz, Grokipedia (2025).
https://grokipedia.com/page/Frigyes_Riesz - Frigyes Riesz, in Chambers Biographical Dictionary 2011-2012 (Chambers, London, 2013).
- Frigyes Riesz, in Glenn D Considine (ed.), Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2008).
- Frigyes (Frédéric) Riesz, Mathematics Genealogy Project (2025).
- I Grattan-Guinness, Frigyes Riesz, in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
See THIS LINK. - P R Halmos, The work of Frigyes Riesz (Hungarian), Mat. Lapok 29 (1-3) (1977/81), 13-20.
- Influential Mathematicians in Quantum: The Life and Work of Frigyes Riesz, Quantum Formalism 7 (November 2024).
https://quantumformalism.academy/influential-mathematicians-in-quantum/Riesz-Influential-Mathematicians-ebooklet.pdf - G Jiří, Frigyes Riesz [nekrolog], Pokroky matematiky, fyziky a astronomie 2 (5) (1957), 608-611.
https://dml.cz/handle/10338.dmlcz/137181 - G I Kovács and A Takács, Riesz Frigyes, in Az "összeilleszkedés" változatai. Az akkultur ációtól az asszimilációig (ELTE Eötvös Kiadó, 2022), 155-166.
https://www.eltereader.hu/media/2023/06/Kovacs-I.-Gabor-Az-osszeilleszkedes-valtozatai-web.pdf - E Kreyszig, Friedrich Riesz als Wegbereiter der Funktionalanalysis, Elem. Math. 45 (5) (1990), 117-130.
- I Naimpally, Near and far. A centennial tribute to Frigyes Riesz, Sib. Èlektron. Mat. Izv. 6 (2009), A.1-A.10.
- Obituary: Riesz Frigyes, Mat. Lapok 7 (1956), 1-9.
- Riesz Frigyes. Matematikus, University of Szeged (2025).
http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/exhib/evfordulo/riesz/riesz.htm - Riesz Frigyes és fizika, Középiskolai Matematikai és Fizikai Lapok (10) (December 1993), 438.
- L Rodríguez, Frigyes Riesz between the two World Wars, Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 32 (3) (2017), 235-245.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/17498430.2017.1326216?needAccess=true - L Rodríguez, Frigyes Riesz and the emergence of general topology, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 69 (1) (2015), 55-102.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00407-014-0144-6 - W W Rogosinski, Frederic Riesz, J. London Math. Soc. 31 (4) (1956), 508-512.
- P G Szabó, A matematikus Riesz testvérek. Válogatás Riesz Frigyes és
- B Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Life and personality of Frigyes Riesz (Hungarian), Mat. Lapok 29 (1-3) (1977/81), 1-5.
- B Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Life and personality of Frigyes Riesz (Hungarian), Mat. Lapok 29 (1-3) (1977/81), 1-5.
- B Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Riesz Frigyes, Magyar Tudomány 25 (4) (1980), 261-270.
- The famous mathematical geniuses of Győr - the Riesz brothers, Jewish Roots in Győr (2022).
https://jewishgyor.org/en/2022/05/20/the-famous-mathematical-geniuses-of-gyor-the-riesz-brothers/ - I Vincze, In memoriam Professor Riesz, Matematikai Lapok 1991 (4) (1991), 6-14.
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Honours awarded to Frigyes Riesz
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