# Stefan Marian Kaczmarz

### Quick Info

Born
20 March 1895
Sambor, Lwów, Austria-Hungary (now Sambir, Ukraine)
Died
after 4 September 1939
Poland

Summary
Stefan Kaczmarz was a Polish mathematician whose work provided the basis for modern imaging techniques, including the CAT scan.

### Biography

Stefan Kaczmarz's parents were Mikolaj Kaczmarz, who was a court clerk, and Emilia Smyczynskich. Stefan was one of four children, having a sister Helena and two brothers Roman and Eustace. When he was growing up, Stefan lived first in Kety, in the Silesian foothills east of Bielsko-Biala, where he attended primary school between 1901 and 1905. He began his secondary education in the town of Wadowice, about 20 km east of Kety and 35 km south west of Kraków, where he attended the National Junior High School from 1905 to 1907. Then the family moved to Tarnów, about 35 km east of Kraków, where he attended the Second National Gymnasium from 1907 to 1913. He graduated with distinction on 17 June 1913.

In September 1913 Kaczmarz began his studies of mathematics, physics and chemistry at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. He was taught by Stanisław Zaremba, Ivan Śleszyński, Marian Smoluchowski, Kazimierz Żorawski, who worked on differential geometry and fluid mechanics, and Antoni Hoborski (1879-1940), whose main interest was also in differential geometry. However, he was only one year into his university studies when World War I broke out in August 1914. He enlisted in the Polish Regiment on 1 September and he was sent to the western front in the spring of 1915. The Russian army had reached a position east of Warsaw and a combined force of German and Austro-Hungarian forces attacked them in an attempt to regain the initiative. Kaczmarz, who was promoted to sergeant in July 1915, was involved in this Carpathian Campaign which was one of the most tragic of the whole war with great loss of life on both sides with little gained in the end. He fought in the Carpathian Campaign until March 1917. He was transferred to the artillery and sent to the front later in 1917. In January of the following year he was sent to the School of Artillery at Walawa near Przemysl. However, when he refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the emperor he was interned by the Austrian authorities, first at Huszt and later at Bustyahaza. He managed to escape and fled but was captured and sent to another internment camp at Witkowice near Kraków.

At the end of March 1918 Kaczmarz was released and he returned to his studies of mathematics, physics and chemistry at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. He was taught by Stanisław Zaremba, Ivan Śleszyński, Kazimierz Żorawski, Antoni Hoborski, Tadeusz Banachiewicz, Alfred Rosenblatt (1880-1947), Franciszek Leja (1885-1979), Witold Wilkosz (1891-1941) and Wlodzimierz Stozek (1883-1941). He was not free from military duties, however, for in addition to his academic studies he also served in the Academic Battalion in Kraków from November 1918 to February 1919. After a period when he was not in any army units, and having by this time completed seven semesters at the university, he volunteered to join the Polish Army in July 1920. After a short time at an army camp for academic volunteers at Rembertów, near Warsaw, he was sent to the School of Artillery in Poznań. He quickly completed the course at the School of Artillery, graduating on 5 November 1920. He was then transferred to the Reserve Cadets and returned to the Jagiellonian University in Kraków where he completed the necessary qualifications to become a school teacher. On 1 October 1921 he was appointed as an assistant in the Department of Mathematics at the Academy of Mining in Kraków. In addition to this teaching, Kaczmarz also taught some classes at a girls' school in Kraków.

After Poland became an independent nation in November 1918, the University of Lwów was renamed the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów in 1919. It was at this time the third largest of the Polish universities (only Warsaw and Kraków were bigger). (Lwów is now Lviv in Ukraine) Stefan Banach habilitated at the university in April 1922 and was appointed as an extraordinary professor of mathematics in July of that year. Hugo Steinhaus was also a professor at the Jan Kazimierz University of Lwów and Banach, very keen on building a major research centre at Lwów, arranged for an offer of a position to be made to Kaczmarz. He was appointed to the Department of Mathematics in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering on 1 October 1923 and would remain in Lwów until September 1939. At this stage Kaczmarz did not have a doctorate so, once on the staff at Lwów, he undertook research advised by Stanisław Ruziewicz (1889-1941). Ruziewicz had been awarded his doctorate from the University of Lwów before the onset of World War I for his study of continuous functions that are not differentiable. On 13 October 1924, Kaczmarz was awarded his doctorate for his thesis The relationships between certain functional and differential equations. He published results from his thesis in his first paper Sur l'équation fonctionnelle $f (x) + f (x + y) = \phi(y) f (x + y/2)$ which appeared in Fundamenta Mathematicae in 1924. In this paper, which contained results discovered in answering one of Banach's questions, Kaczmarz thanks Stanisław Saks and Stanisław Ruziewicz for helpful comments.

Other papers he published, some coauthored with his colleagues at Lwów, are: Über die Konvergenz der Reihen von Orthogonalfunktionen (1925), Über die Summierbarkeit der Orthogonalreihen (1927), Über Reihen von allgemeinen Orthogonalfunktionen (1927), (with L Nikliborc) Sur les suites de fonctions convergentes en moyenne (1928), Sur la convergence et la sommabilité des développements orthogonaux (1929), Zur Theorie der Fourierschen Doppelreihe (1930), (With H Steinhaus) Le système orthogonal de M Rademacher (1930), Integrale vom Dini'schen Typus (1931), Une remarque sur les séries (1931), Axioms for Arithmetic (1932), On Some Classes of Fourier Series (1933), Sur les multiplicateurs des séries orthogonales (1933), Note on general transforms (1933), Notes on orthogonal series I (1934), Notes on orthogonal series II (1934), Notes on orthogonal series III (1936), (with J Marcinkiewicz) Sur les multiplicateurs des séries orthogonales (1938), and Sur l'irrationalité des intégrales indéfinies (1939). In 1935 Kaczmarz published a book, Theorie der Orthogonalreihen , coauthored with Hugo Steinhaus. J D Tamarkin writes in a review [5]:-
The present volume of the excellent Polish Series is devoted to the theory of general orthogonal functions of a single real variable. Desiring not to increase the size of the volume without proportionally increasing its usefulness, the authors omitted almost completely the theory and applications of special orthogonal functions including that of orthogonal polynomials, and concentrated their attention on general orthogonal functions as a tool in pure mathematics. Even in this restricted field no claim is made for "encyclopaedic completeness." Despite these somewhat severe restrictions the authors succeeded in presenting a very interesting material widely scattered in the literature, including also some new contributions of their own. ... The exposition, which is in general clear and concise, in some places shows a tendency to be either somewhat vague, or so condensed that it will be difficult to follow for a reader who is not well versed in the field.
S Verblunsky, reviewing the same book, writes [6]:-
This book gives a good account of recent researches in orthogonal series, and may be recommended not only to specialists in that subject but also to those interested in trigonometric series and in linear operations. The book is interesting throughout. The authors have done much to simplify the proofs; the most striking characteristic of the book is the effective, indeed the triumphant, use of the theory of linear operations. ... In taking leave of this book, let me thank the authors for a few weeks' interesting, if strenuous, reading matter. I look forward to seeing a second edition, with the misprints corrected, the obscurities elucidated and the language embellished.
On 26 December 1928, Kaczmarz married Helena Firlicinska (1904-1994) at the parish church in Nowy Sacz, south east of Kraków. Helena was a primary school teacher in the village of Kasinka Mala, which is south of Kraków and west of Nowy Sacz. On 4 January 1930 their first child, a daughter Krystyna, was born. Their second daughter, Zbyslawa, was born on 6 October 1931. Shortly after the birth of their second child, Kaczmarz was awarded a scholarship by the National Culture Fund to finance a visit to Cambridge, England, and to Göttingen, Germany. He spent the first half of 1932 with G H Hardy and R E A C Paley in Cambridge, where he attended lectures by Norbert Wiener on Fourier transforms and applications. He then spent two months in Göttingen before returning to Poland.

From 1923 to 1939 Kaczmarz taught many university level courses at Lwów such as: Analytical Geometry, Higher Analysis, Integral Equations, Algebraic Curves, Trigonometric Series, Non-Euclidean Geometry and the Theory of Groups, and Differential Geometry. He also taught various courses on applied mathematics as well as mathematics courses for students of the natural sciences. In addition to teaching at university level, Kaczmarz taught in the local secondary schools where his work received the highest praise.

There are a number of aspects of Kaczmarz's mathematical contributions that we must mention in addition to those mentioned above. There is Kaczmarz's algorithm for the approximate solution for systems of linear equations which appears in his paper Angenäherte Auflösung von Systemen linearer Gleichungen published in the Bulletin International de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences et des Lettres in 1937. The paper was presented to the Bulletin by Tadeusz Banachiewicz in May 1937. The iterative algorithm which Kaczmarz gave has proved particularly useful in applications, particularly to modern imaging technologies. A topic which Kaczmarz was embarking on at the time war broke out was a theoretical study of the curvature of railway tracks. A train had been derailed near Lwów due to taking a bend too quickly and this may have given him the motivation to start this study.

Kaczmarz's greatest pleasure, other than mathematics, was to walk in the mountains. Every summer, along with his wife and daughters, he would visit family friends in the Bieszczady mountains. His colleagues described him as "tall and skinny", "calm and quiet", and a "modest man with rather moderate scientific ambitions." They also said what an excellent person he was in mathematical cooperations. He received a number of honours, both for his scientific work and for his support of Polish Independence. He received the Independence Medal on 29 April 1929, the Independence Cross in 1933, the Golden Cross of Merit for his contribution to science in 1937, and the Bronze Medal for Long Service to the University of Lwów in 1938.

The details of Kaczmarz's death are unclear. At the start of World War II in 1939, Russia and Germany had a pact, the so-called Ribbentrop-Molotov pact, to divide Poland between them. On 1 September 1939 German troops invaded Poland. On the following day Kaczmarz was assigned to Warsaw as a lieutenant in the reserve. He left Lwów by train on 3 September, already in military uniform, on his way to Warsaw. He sent a postcard to his wife Helena from Nisko on evening of the following day saying that he hoped for a good night's sleep in Nisko before continuing the journey. No further information was received from him and there are three different versions as to how he died. The first is that he died at Umiastów, a village about 20 km to the west of Warsaw. In this version, he was killed in fighting against the German advance towards Warsaw. The Germans captured Warsaw on 27 September. The second version is that Kaczmarz was killed by the Russians in the Katyn massacre in April or May 1940. The third version is that he was killed on 5 September by a German bombing raid on the train in which he was travelling, shortly after the train left Nisko heading for Warsaw. Certain evidence supports all three of these claims (although of course at most one can be correct), and this is fully detailed in Lech Maligranda's article [1]. It would appear that the theory he died in the Katyn massacre is the least likely of the possibilities, and that almost certainly Kaczmarz died in September 1939. Stanisław Ruziewicz, Kaczmarz's thesis advisor, also died during the war. Wacław Sierpiński wrote:-
In July 1941 one of my oldest students Stanisław Ruziewicz was murdered. He was a retired full professor of Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów, the last rector of the Foreign Trade Academy in Lwów, an outstanding mathematician and an excellent teacher.

### References (show)

1. L Maligranda, Stefan Kaczmarz (1895-1939) (Polish), Antiq. Math. 1 (2007), 15-61.
2. W Orlicz, Stefan Kaczmarz (1895-1939) (Polish), Wiadom. Mat. 26 (2) (1985), 155-164.
3. P C Parks, S Kaczmarz (1895-1939), Internat. J. Control 57 (6) (1993), 1263-1267.
4. D Przeworska-Rolewicz, Remarks on the article of W Orlicz: 'Stefan Kaczmarz (1895-1939)' [Wiadom. Mat. 26 (2) (1985), 155-164 (Polish)], Wiadom. Mat. 30 (1) (1993), 131.
5. J D Tamarkin, Review: Theorie der Orthogonalreihen by Stefan Kaczmarz and Hugo Steinhaus, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 44 (1) (1938), 20-21.
6. S Verblunsky, Review: Theorie der Orthogonalreihen by Stefan Kaczmarz and Hugo Steinhaus, The Mathematical Gazette 20 (238) (1936), 159-160.