# Mark Aronovich Naimark

### Quick Info

Born
5 December 1909
Odessa, Ukraine
Died
30 December 1978
Moscow, USSR

Summary
Mark Aronovich Naimark was a Ukranian mathematician who worked in functional analysis and mathematical physics.

### Biography

Mark Aronovich Naimark's father, Aron Iakovlevich Naimark, was a professional artist who had married Zefir Moiseevna. Mark Aronovich was brought up by his Jewish parents Aron Iakovlevich and Zefir Moiseevna in Odessa where he showed an outstanding talent for mathematics while at school. In 1924, at the age of fifteen, he entered a technical college but also worked in a foundry to earn his living. In addition to these two occupations, which he undertook for four years, he also studied university level mathematics on his own completing a university course on analysis by 1928. He entered the Physical-Mathematical Faculty of the Odessa Institute of National Education in 1929 (shortly afterwards this Institute was renamed the Physico-Chemico-Mathematical Institute). In 1932 he married Larisa Petrovna Shcherbakova; they had two sons. Then, in 1933, after graduating from the Physico-Chemico-Mathematical Institute he went to Odessa State University to undertake graduate studies in the Department of the Theory of Functions.

At Odessa State University Naimark's studies were supervised by Mark Grigorievich Krein who, although only two years older than Naimark, had completed his doctorate in 1929 and had begun to build up a functional analysis research group. With Krein, Naimark worked on applying Bezout's determinant to the problem of separating the roots of an algebraic equation. The two collaborated in writing three papers on this topic: Über eine Transformation der Bezoutiante, die zum Sturmschen Satze führt (1933); On the application of Bezoutians to the separation of the roots of algebraic equations (1935); and The method of symmetric and hermitian forms in the theory of the separation of the roots of algebraic equations (1936). Naimark defended his candidate's dissertation (equivalent to a Ph.D. thesis) The theory of normal operators in Hilbert space in 1936 then moved to Moscow in 1938. In Moscow he studied at the Steklov Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences [4]:-
It was at this time that his main scientific interests, which relate to the spectral theory of operators in Hilbert space and the representation theory of locally compact groups, were finally formed.
The theory that he developed concerning self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators with extension of the original Hilbert space was complementary to that developed by von Neumann. At the Steklov Mathematical Institute he attended the functional analysis seminar run by Israil Moiseevic Gelfand with whom he began a fruitful collaboration. In joint work with Gelfand, he worked on noncommutative normed rings with an involution. They showed that these rings could always be represented as a ring of linear operators on a Hilbert space in On the imbedding of normed rings into a ring of operators in Hilbert space (1943). In April 1941 he had received his doctorate (equivalent to the German habilitation) from the Steklov Mathematical Institute, following which he had been appointed to a chair at the Seismological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. At the start of the war he undertook military work in a number of different places, moving to Tashkent at the end of 1941 since the Seismological Institute had been evacuated there from Moscow. He returned to Moscow at the end of the war where [4]:-
... he worked in a number of institutes, including the Institute of Chemical Physics and the USSR Academy for the Arms Industry, gradually moving towards pedagogical work. To help provincial higher education institutes, he periodically had to go to Kostrom.
He continued to publish joint papers with Gelfand, in particular in 1946-47 they published seven papers: On unitary representations of a complex unimodular group; Unitary representations of the Lorentz group; Unitary representations of the group of complex matrices of the second order (the Lorentz group); Unitary representations of the Lorentz group; Unitary representations of the group of linear transformations of a line; The fundamental series of the irreducible representations of a complex unimodular group; and Auxiliary and degenerate series of the representations of a unimodular group. They published four joint papers on similar topics in 1948, and further papers in each of the years from 1950 to 1953.

Now Naimark's aim was to work at the Steklov Mathematical Institute and he tried [2]:-
... for years to be accepted and [but his attempts were] thwarted by the anti-Semitic proclivities of its director, Ivan Vinogradov.
In 1954 he was appointed professor at the Moscow Physical-Technical Institute [4]:-
Here he regularly gave courses in mathematical analysis, partial differential equations and functional analysis, he also supervised a group of post-graduate students and organized research seminars.
Then in 1962, after years of struggling against discrimination, he became professor in the Department of the Theory of Functions and Functional Analysis at the Steklov Mathematical Institute, a post he continued to hold until his death. During these years he was the only Jewish mathematician employed at the Institute out of a staff of around 140. After his appointment to the Steklov Mathematical Institute he travelled widely and we should make special mention of his lecture tour of Canada in 1967 which did much to improve relations between Soviet and Western scientists. He had a heavy teaching load in the early part of his career but as he became more senior he only taught graduate students and supervised research students.

We have already noted that Naimark's first work was on the separation of roots of algebraic equations but, once he had established himself in Moscow, he worked on functional analysis and group representations. In 1943 he proved the Gelfand-Naimark theorem on self-adjoint algebras of operators in Hilbert space. In the same year he generalised von Neumann's spectral theorem to locally compact abelian groups. He made a detailed analysis of the infinite-dimensional representations of the semisimple Lie groups. His important treatise Unitary representations of the classical groups with Gelfand on irreducible representations of the classical matrix groups was published in 1950. This work formed the basis for later contributions by Harish-Chandra on representations of semisimple Lie groups. I E Segal begins a review of the monograph as follows:-
This is a fairly comprehensive account of the irreducible continuous unitary representations of the classical simple (complex) Lie groups, and of related aspects of harmonic analysis on such groups. It supersedes the material published in a long series of earlier notes. The results are for the most part very explicit and apparently well adapted to specific applications.
Naimark also made substantial contributions to Banach algebras. He wrote the famous text Normed Rings in 1956. E Hewitt begins a review with the following paragraph:-
This treatise is not merely a technical report on Banach algebras ("normed rings" in Soviet parlance), but is actually a compendium of functional analysis, containing a full treatment of those parts of the subject that are relevant to the theory of normed algebras. In theory, it is accessible to anyone who can read Russian, knows some algebra, and is familiar with elementary analysis. The scope of the book is enormous: starting with the simplest concepts, the author finishes with a report on recent developments in the theory of $W^{*}$-algebras.
The review ends:-
Professor Naimark has produced a unique, monumental, and highly valuable work.
His book Linear differential operators had been published two years earlier in 1954. E A Coddington writes:-
This work is an important contribution to the literature on the spectral theory of ordinary linear differential operators. (The title is somewhat misleading in that partial differential operators are not analysed.) Starting from simple facts about boundary-value problems, the author develops the theory of expansion by eigenfunctions, and the spectra of ordinary differential operators, including many of the results obtained recently by Russian mathematicians.
In 1958 Naimark published Linear representations of the Lorentz group. Naimark states his aims in writing the text up front:-
This book is the first monograph on the representations of the Lorentz group. It is written principally for theoretical physicists, but the principal results and methods (belonging to the author) must also be interesting to specialists in mathematics. The exposition begins with elementary concepts of the theory of groups and the theory of group representations; facts about the Lorentz group and the rotation group in three-dimensional Euclidean space are given in detail, so that the book can serve as a means for studying the general theory of representations.
Wilhelm Magnus reviews the text in [8] writing:-
... the book is a very valuable contribution to the mathematical textbook literature. The style is simple and lucid. The mathematical tools are reduced to the minimum necessary to prove the theorems concerning the Lorentz group, and some theorems from functional analysis are proved in nine appendices. At the same time, many generalisations of the results proved are mentioned, and appropriate references are given.
D F Johnston has interesting points to make about Linear representations of the Lorentz group in [5]:-
This is an interesting book from several points of view. For the pure mathematician it is a systematic treatment of the Lorentz groups in the classical tradition; for the theoretical physicist the long final chapter on invariant equations is of deep interest; for the social historian this Russian account of the theory of the Lorentz groups reveals the isolation of Russian mathematicians from the work of their Western colleagues, the same isolation manifest in Russian music and literature.
In all Naimark wrote 123 papers and 5 books but he also put considerable effort into the translations and further editions of the books. For example, he worked hard to produce a second edition of Normed rings and this appeared in 1968. After the first Russian edition had been published in 1956, English and German translations had been produced. These translations contained improvements and additional material which, in Naimark's words:-
... take into account some of the important advances in the theory of linear ordinary differential operators which have been made in the past few years.
These improvements were incorporated into the second Russian edition of 1968. In addition to these improvements and updating, he completely rewrote the final chapter.

His last book was Theory of group representations published in 1976. By the time this book was written Naimark was suffering from heart disease, a problem which afflicted him during the last ten years of his life. However, he [1]:-
... bore his affliction with grace and humour.
Too ill to sit up yet determined to continue writing the Theory of group representations, he dictated the text to his wife. The book only covers finite-dimensional group representations but, despite his illness, Naimark states in the Preface that he hoped to write a sequel on the analytic and infinite-dimensional theory. Sadly he died before he was able to undertake this task.

We now give a quote by his colleagues showing Naimark's high reputation as a teacher [4]:-
Naimark's scientific activity was inseparably linked with his pedagogical work and his work on the education of young people. He generously shared his rich experience with his colleagues and students. Everyone who went to him for advice received much more: he not only helped them to overcome their scientific difficulties, but he was able to encourage them and inspire them with a belief in their own strength. He had a remarkable gift for explaining things simply and intelligibly. This feature was evident both in his lectures to students and in his scientific talks, articles, and monographs.' His lectures and talks invariably attracted the interest not only of mathematicians but also of physicists.
As a person he was also held in high regard by his colleagues [4]:-
Those who were lucky enough to be closely associated with Naimark know and remember him as a man of spiritual qualities, unusual honesty, sympathy, high morals, and kindness. Being always a man of principles and conscientiousness in science and in his everyday life, for many he was a model person and scientist.
His world-wide reputation as a leading scholar was evident but he received less recognition by the authorities in his own country than one might have expected [2]:-
Naimark's outstanding contribution to science and his international reputation did not, however, promote him to the official Soviet "table of ranks." He never became a full-fledged academician, nor was he counted among the country's prominent mathematicians, and the 'Great Soviet Encyclopaedia' found no place for him.
Finally let us note Naimark's wide range of interests [1]:-
Naimark's life was governed by total dedication to science that led to a large scientific output. Nevertheless, he found time to read Western writers in their original languages and to follow developments in the fine arts. He was a skilful painter and knew a great deal about music.

### References (show)

1. E Hewitt, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). See THIS LINK.
2. V Bilovitsky, Naimark, Mark Aronovich, The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Naimark_Mark_Aronovich
3. I M Gel'fand, M I Graev, D P Zhelobenko, R S Ismagilov, M G Krein, L D Kudryatsev, S M Nikol'skii, A Ya Khelemskii and A V Shtraus, Mark Aronovich Naimark (Russian), Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 35 (4)(214) (1980), 135-140.
4. I M Gel'fand, M I Graev, D P Zhelobenko, R S Ismagilov, M G Krein, L D Kudryatsev, S M Nikol'skii, A Ya Khelemskii and A V Shtraus, Mark Aronovich Naimark, Russian Mathematical Surveys 35 (4) (1980), 157-164.
5. D F Johnston, Review: Linear Representation of the Lorentz Group by M A Naimark, The Mathematical Gazette 52 (379) (1968), 101-102.
6. M G Krein and G E Shilov, Mark Aronovich Naimark (Russian), Uspehi Mat. Nauk 15 (2)(92) (1960), 231-236
7. M G Krein and G E Shilov, Mark Aronovich Naimark (on the occasion of his fiftieth birthday), Russian Mathematical Surveys 15 (2) (1960), 169-174.
8. W Magnus, Review: Linear Representation of the Lorentz Group by M A Naimark, Amer. Math. Monthly 74 (1) (1967), 109.
9. Mark Aronovich Naimark (Russian), Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen. 13 (2) (1979), i.
10. Mark Aronovich Naimark, Functional Anal. Appl. 13 (2) (1979), 79.
11. Mark Aronovich Naimark (Russian), Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 35 (4)(214) (1980), 135-140.
12. D P Zhelobenko, The scientific work of M A Naimark (Russian), in Probability theory, function theory, mechanics, Trudy Mat. Inst. Steklov. 182 (1988), 250-254.
13. D P Zhelobenko, The scientific work of M A Naimark, Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. (1) (1990), 273-277.