Robert Steinberg


Quick Info

Born
25 May 1922
Soroki, Bessarabia, Romania (now Soroca, Moldova)
Died
25 May 2014
Los Angeles, USA

Summary
Robert Steinberg was a Romanian born mathematician who spent almost all his life in the United States. He made remarkable contributions such as the Steinberg representation, the Lang-Steinberg theorem, and the Steinberg group in algebraic K-theory.

Biography

Robert Steinberg was the son of Dubid Steinberg and Tsipa Yalonetsky. In fact he was given the name Ruvin Steinberg and was known by that name for the first two years of his life in Bessarabia. He had an older brother Moische Steinberg born in Vartijero in the Soroca County of Bessarabia in 1920. Today the town is known as Vertiujeni and it is in Moldova. In 1924 the family decided to emigrate to Canada. They sailed from Trieste, Italy on the S S President Wilson arriving in Halifax, Nova Scotia on 20 November 1924.

The family were Jewish and had faced rising antisemitism and economic restrictions. The Jewish Colonisation Association (known as the ICA or IKA) had been set up in 1891 to assist Jews, who were suffering persecution in Eastern Europe, to emigrate to the United States or Canada. The ICA funded the Steinberg family's passage to Canada. On arriving at Halifax, they gave details; the four all give their race as Hebrew and their religion as Hebrew. They give Alex Bidnovitz, a friend of the family living at 247 Markham Street, Toronto, as their Canadian contact and the three males give Mordsche Steinberg, Ruvin's paternal grandfather, as their nearest relative in Bessarabia. The family took new given names for their new lives in Canada. Ruvin Steinberg, the subject of this biography, became Robert Steinberg, his older brother became Morris Steinberg, and their parents became David and Cecelia Steinberg. On entering Canada their ages are given as 2, 4, 32 and 30 respectively. David Steinberg gave his occupation as 'farmer' and his wife gave 'housewife'. In [22], Robert Steinberg described his father as 'a fruit dealer'.

The Steinberg family went to live in Edmonton, Alberta, when they first arrived in Canada. In 1924 the family moved to Toronto, Ontario where Robert began his schooling at the King Edward School. This school was first named the Bathurst Street School when it was founded in 1872. It was situated on the corner of College Street and Bathurst Street with accommodation for 300 pupils. A new two-storey building designed by Charles H Bishop and was opened in 1901. In the following year it was renamed in honour of King Edward VII, who was crowned king of the United Kingdom in August 1902. The building in which Robert Steinberg was taught no longer exists; it was demolished around 1957. He graduated from the school in 1945 and continued his schooling at Harbord Collegiate Institute in Toronto.

Harbord Collegiate was officially opened in 1892 as the Harbord Street Collegiate Institute. There were around 250 students in a 15-room schoolhouse. When Steinberg was a pupil there in the second half of the 1930s about 90% of the pupils were Jewish, mostly as a result of immigration from Eastern Europe. Let us note that Irving Kaplansky was a pupil at this school graduating in 1934, the year before Steinberg entered. Steinberg had an outstanding record at the school and he was particularly enthusiastic about studying mathematics. He graduated from the school in 1940 winning the Gordon Galloway Gold Medal for Proficiency in Grade XII Mathematics, the 1940 Principal's Award and a scholarship. Later that year he began his studies of mathematics at the University of Toronto.

He began his studies of mathematics at the University of Toronto in 1940. Before he completed his first degree he had solutions to mathematical problems published in the American Mathematical Monthly. In 1943 Paul Erdős had proposed the following problem in the Monthly [20]:-

  1. Let n given points have the property that the straight line joining any two of them passes through a third point of the set. Show that the n points lie on a straight line.

  2. Given n points which do not all lie on the same straight line, prove that if we join every two of them we obtain at least n distinct straight lines.
In [19] Steinberg explains how he came to have his solution to this problem published in the March 1944 part of the Monthly:-
I still remember fondly how this "publication" came into being. I was taking a class in projective geometry at the University of Toronto at the time. It was being taught by Professor H S M Coxeter who seemed to have a never-ending supply of interesting problems. One of these was to show that if finitely many points in the real projective plane have the property that the line through two of them always contains a third then there exists a line containing all of them. I solved it and showed my solution to Professor Coxeter. He was obviously delighted with it and asked my permission to type it up and send it in to the 'Monthly', where, it turned out, the problem had come from, and I of course agreed. I had not heard of the 'Monthly' until then, but soon after I began sending in solutions on my own.
The next Monthly problem he solved had been proposed by the mathematics student Sol Mitchell at the University of Toronto (it is now known as the butterfly problem) [21]:-
Let O be the midpoint of a chord AB of a circle, and let CD, EF be any two other chords through O. Prove synthetically that CE and DF meet AB in points equidistant from O.
In fact, his problem goes back to William Horner in 1815.

Although Steinberg claims that [20] was his first mathematical 'publication', in fact his solution to this problem by Sol Mitchell was published as [21] one month earlier in the February part of the Monthly. In MathSciNet there are 14 references to problems posed by Steinberg or solutions by him published in the Monthly between 1944 and 1955.

Steinberg graduated from the University of Toronto with a B.A. in Mathematics in 1944 and continued to study for a Ph.D. advised by Richard Brauer. He was awarded his Ph.D. in 1948 for his thesis Representations of the Linear Fractional Groups. Two publications based on results from his thesis are The representations of GL(3,q),GL(4,q),PGL(3,q)GL(3, q), GL(4, q), PGL(3, q), and PGL(4,q)PGL(4, q) (1951), and A geometric approach to the representations of the full linear group over a Galois field (1951). He begins the first of these papers as follows:-
This paper is a result of an investigation into general methods of determining the irreducible characters of GL(n,q)GL(n, q), the group of all non-singular linear substitutions with marks in GF(q)GF(q), and of the related groups, SL(n,q),PGL(n,q),PSL(n,q)SL(n, q), PGL(n, q), PSL(n, q), the corresponding group of determinant unity, projective group, projective group of determinant unity, respectively.
Steinberg was appointed to the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1948. UCLA appointed six mathematicians between 1947 and 1955 transforming the Department of Mathematics into what later became one of the top mathematics departments in the United States. In 1947 they had appointed Richard Friederich Arens (1919-2000), a German born mathematician whose family emigrated to the United States in 1925. He had studied at Harvard for his Ph.D. advised by Garrett Birkhoff and after the award in 1945 had been at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton before being appointed to UCLA. In 1948, as well as Steinberg, UCLA had appointed Ernst Gabor Straus. Raymond M Redheffer (1921-2005) was appointed to UCLA in 1950. Born in Chicago, he had studied for a Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology advised by Norman Levinson. After the award of the Ph.D. in 1948 he was a Peirce Fellow at Harvard from 1948 to 1950. Steinberg wrote three papers with Redheffer: The Laplacian and mean values (1951); Analytic proof of the Lindemann theorem (1952); Simultaneous trigonometric approximations (1953). We note that he chose not to include these papers in his 1997 volume of Collected Papers.

On 26 April 1950 he declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States of America. His citizenship was confirmed on 11 November 1954.

On 19 December 1952 Steinberg married Maria Alice Weber in Los Angeles. Maria Weber (1919-2013) was born in Berlin on 19 August 1919, the daughter of Carl Wilhelm August Weber (1871-1957), a prominent banker and politician, and Marie Cohn (1887-1967). Marie Cohn was Jewish and her husband gave speeches at the Reichstag strongly criticising the National Socialists. As a consequence, August Weber was forced to resign after the Nazis came to power. Fearing for their children, Maria and her twin sister Augusta, were sent to Switzerland where Maria studied at the University of Geneva and was awarded a degree in mathematics in 1940, and a second degree in physics in 1941. She travelled to the United States in July 1946 and continued to study mathematics at Cornell University. She was awarded a Ph.D. in 1949 for her thesis The Solution of a Linear Differential Equation of Parabolic Type; her thesis advisor was William Feller. After the award of her Ph.D., she was a Research Fellow at California Institute of Technology 1949-51 then a lecturer at the University of California at Los Angeles in 1951 where she became a colleagure of Steinberg. After they married they lived in a house in Pacific Palisades, an area of Los Angeles near UCLA. Maria Steinberg spent most of her career teaching at Goucher College in Towson, Maryland and then at San Fernando State College which, in 1972, became the California State University Northridge. She had declared her intention to become a citizen of the United States of America on 24 January 1947, before her marriage, and became a naturalised citizen of the United States of America on 24 April 1953.

Steinberg spent sabbatical leave at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton where he was a Member of the School of Mathematics from September 1955 to June 1956. He was again a Member of the School of Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study from September 1961 to June 1962, and from January 1969 to April 1969. This third visit to the Institute for Advanced Study was part of a 1968-69 sabbatical the autumn semester of which he spent at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1963-64 he spent sabbatical leave in Paris where he had a loose affiliation with the Institute Henri Poincaré.

The International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Moscow, USSR from 16 to 26 August 1966. The official number of participants was 4280 from 54 countries. Steinberg was invited to give a Half Hour Report. It was published in the Proceedings as [23]. His talk began as follows:-
Given a semisimple algebraic group G, we ask: how are the elements of G partitioned into conjugacy classes and how do these classes fit together to form G? The answers to these questions not only throw light on the algebraic and topological structure of G, but are important for the representation theory and functional analysis of G; conversely, of course, we can expect the representations and functions on G to contribute to the answers to the questions. In what follows, we discuss some aspects of these questions, present some known results, and pose some unsolved problems.
In 1966-67 he was invited to give the course Lectures on Chevalley Groups at Yale University. John Faulkner and Robert Wilson attended this course and their lecture notes formed the basis for Steinberg's Lectures on Chevalley Groups which were published by Yale University in 1967. The notes are typed with many of the symbols written in by hand. This book was of fundamental importance for many years and, in 1975, a Russian translation by I N Bernstein and N N Jakovlev was published. In 2016, 50 years after the course was given, the book continued to be so important that the English text was republished by the American Mathematical Society. Robert M Guralnick and Gary M Seitz write in the review [6]:-
Robert Steinberg spent a sabbatical at Yale University during the 1967-68 academic year and gave a course on Chevalley groups. There were two note-takers in the course (John Faulkner and Robert Wilson), and Steinberg wrote up his lectures based on the notes. These notes were then mimeographed and circulated among group theorists and others for decades. Steinberg kept a record of some minor alterations, but never published the notes officially. Finally, after his death on his 92nd birthday in 2012, a revised version was prepared (supervised by Steinberg's nephew, Robert Snapp, a physicist at the University of Vermont) which included these changes. They also incorporated some small remarks by various mathematicians and some footnotes that had appeared in the Russian edition of the notes. The American Mathematical Society (AMS) has now republished the notes, making them readily available to a new generation of group theorists.
For more information about the two editions of this book, see THIS LINK.

During the 1960s, Steinberg published three papers which were awarded the 1985 Fundamental Paper Steele Prize by the American Mathematical Society at its summer meeting in Laramie, Wyoming. These papers were: (i) Representations of algebraic groups, Nagoya Mathematical Journal 22 (1963), 33-56; (ii) Regular elements of semisimple algebraic groups, Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques. Publications Mathematiques 25 (1965), 49-80; and (iii) Endomorphisms of linear algebraic groups, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 80 (1968), 1-108. For details about this award including Steinberg's response, see THIS LINK.

In 1972-73 Steinberg spent sabbatical leave partly at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in Bombay, India, partly at the University of Paris VII, and partly at the University of Warwick, England. While at the TIFR he delivered the course Conjugacy classes in algebraic groups which was written up as a book and published in 1968. He writes in the Introduction:-
The following is the substance of a set of lectures given at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research during November and December of 1972. ... It is a pleasure to thank my colleagues at the Tata Institute, young and old, for their hospitality and friendship to my wife and me during our visit and for their stimulating influence on my talks. It is a special pleasure to be able to thank here Shri Vinay V Deodhar who in addition has written up these notes.
For more information about this book, see THIS LINK.

Another sabbatical leave for Steinberg in 1979-80 was taken at Queen Mary College, University of London, England and in 1986-87 he spent his sabbatical at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute at Berkeley. He retired from his position at UCLA in 1992 but continued to publish valuable papers giving greatly improved proofs of several results adding much insight.

Steinberg's name is attached to many mathematical objects. If we search MathSciNet for papers with 'Steinberg' in the title, we find (in July 2026) 365 papers. The references are to the 'Steinberg character', the 'Steinberg group', the 'Steinberg module', the 'Steinberg representation', the 'Steinberg Lie algebra', the 'Steinberg relation', 'Steinberg varieties', 'Steinberg maps', the 'Steinberg-Winter theorem', etc.

We have mentioned above some honours given to Steinberg. Let us add to these the fact that in 1985 he was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and awarded the Jeffery-Williams Prize of the Canadian Mathematical Society in 1990.

Steinberg died of natural causes on his 92nd birthday. Following his death, V S Varadarajan writes in [26]:-
Robert and Maria Steinberg led a simple life, and their house was always open for countless mathematicians and friends. I myself joined UCLA in 1965 and my wife Veda and I became very good friends of theirs, especially because of the closeness of my mathematical interests with his, and the proximity of our homes. We were fortunate to go to the lunches Maria arranged on Easter Sundays. Bob and Maria were avid hikers and liked to go camping in the Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, almost annually. His was a gentle personality, full of humour and good sense, and he and Maria were an inseparable unit, almost like two quarks. They made generous gifts to the AMS and were members of the President's Associates of the AMS. ...
In addition to the generous gift to the American Mathematical Society, Steinberg and his wife regularly donated to the Sierra Club, an organisation that aims to protect the wilderness by passing environmental policies. In addition to hiking, Steinberg enjoyed watching basketball and baseball matches; the Bruins and Lakers were his favourite teams. He loved solving puzzles such as Rubik's Cube and other mechanical puzzles. He also loved crossword puzzles and every day he and his wife would complete the New York Times crossword together. V S Varadarajan writes [26]:-
When Maria passed away last year it was a cruel blow to Bob. In the last few months after she passed away I drew closer to him and visited him once every two weeks or so, discussing many things. I like to believe that these visits were pleasant and enjoyable to him.
V S Varadarajan also writes in [27]:-
The quotation "He touched nothing that he did not adorn" is by Samuel Johnson, writing about his friend Oliver Goldsmith. I think it is the most satisfying way to describe the work and legacy of Robert Steinberg, who passed away on 25 May 2014 on his 92nd birthday. His towering stature as one of the great masters of the theory of algebraic groups and finite groups, the vast scope, depth, and beauty of his papers (some key ones were published in the Pacific Journal of Mathematics), and his gigantic presence in the algebraic scene in Southern California, are the reasons that led the Board of Governors of the Pacific Journal of Mathematics (PJM) to request that a special volume of the PJM be published in his memory. In this brief essay I shall try to sketch a portrait of a master who wore his mantle of greatness with unassuming simplicity and charm.

This is a melancholy task for me, to write about someone who was a good friend and role model for me for nearly fifty years. In these days of ever multiplying awards, million dollar grants, medals, and so on, it is refreshing, even humbling, to talk about a man who never sought the limelight, who worked quietly on the problems that appealed to him, and evolved into one of the great masters and innovators of the theory of semisimple algebraic groups. The problems he worked on and considered important became the central problems of the subject. His influence on the subject was enormous. Even after he retired he could surprise experts with new and easier proofs of some of the fundamental theorems of the subject. His monumental set of lecture notes on Chevalley groups [1968] has been studied by hundreds of mathematicians (I myself lectured twice on them) and will appear as a publication of the AMS. In spite of his greatness he was a gentle and modest man, aware of his gifts certainly, but accepting them and trying to get the job done.
Let us end with another quote by V S Varadarajan [27]:-
Steinberg's work ... is astonishing in its scope, depth, and beauty. His profound insights about semisimple groups, and the easy grace and charm of his personality, cannot ever be forgotten by people who came into contact with him. I have known very few like him.


References (show)

  1. H H Andersen, Review: Robert Steinberg: Collected Papers, by Robert Steinberg, Mathematical Reviews MR1441544 (98j:01046).
  2. J Crane, Robert Steinberg, mathematician who inspired many, passes away at 92, Daily Bruin (2 June 2014).
    https://dailybruin.com/2014/06/02/robert-steinberg-mathematician-who-inspired-many-passes-away-at-92
  3. E Esau, Maria's Story: Maria Alice Weber, Erika Esauboeck (5 November 2014).
    https://esauboeck.wordpress.com/2014/11/05/marias-story/
  4. E Esau, Three German Women: Personal Histories from the Twentieth Century (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020).
  5. S I Gelfand, Review: Conjugacy classes in algebraic groups, by Robert Steinberg, Mathematical Reviews MR0352279 (50 #4766).
  6. R M Guralnick and G M Seitz, Review: Lectures on Chevalley Groups, by Robert Steinberg, The American Mathematical Monthly 125 (10), 2018), 953-955.
  7. J E Humphreys, Review: Lectures on Chevalley Groups, by Robert Steinberg, Mathematical Reviews MR0466335 (57 #6215).
  8. J Lin, In Memoriam: Award-winning mathematician Robert Steinberg, Newsroom, University of California Los Angeles (12 June 2014).
    https://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/in-memoriam:-award-winning-mathematician-robert-steinberg
  9. A R Magid, Review: Conjugacy classes in algebraic groups, by Robert Steinberg, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 81 (2) (1975), 397-400.
  10. J-P Serre, Foreword, Robert Steinberg: Collected Papers (American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1997), xi.
  11. Robert Steinberg, Mathematics Genealogy Project (2026).
    https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?fChrono=1&id=16199
  12. Robert Steinberg, 1931 US Census, ancestry.co.uk (2026).
  13. Robert Steinberg, Institute for Advanced Study (2026).
    https://www.ias.edu/scholars/robert-steinberg
  14. Ruvin Steinberg, ancestry.co.uk (2026).
  15. R R Snapp, Foreword, in Robert Steinberg, Lectures on Chevalley Groups (American Mathematical Society, 2016), vii.
  16. R Steinberg, Lectures on Chevalley Groups (Yale University, 1967).
  17. R Steinberg, Lectures on Chevalley Groups (American Mathematical Society, 2016).
  18. R Steinberg, Conjugacy classes in algebraic groups, based on lectures given at the Tata Institute in Bombay (Springer-Verlag, 1974).
  19. R Steinberg, Preface, Robert Steinberg: Collected Papers (American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1997), xiii-xiv.
  20. R Steinberg, Solution to problem 4065, Amer. Math. Monthly 51 (1944), 169-170.
  21. R Steinberg, Solution to problem E 571, Amer. Math. Monthly 51 (1944), 91-92.
  22. R Steinberg, Curriculum Vitae, Robert Steinberg: Collected Papers (American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1997), xv.
  23. R Steinberg, Classes of elements of semisimple algebraic groups, Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Moscow 1966 (Moscow, 1968), 277-284.
  24. The Leroy P Steele Prizes, Notices of the American Mathematical Society 46 (10) (1999), 1263-1266.
  25. V S Varadarajan, In Memoriam: Robert Steinberg, Department of Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles (3 December 2020).
  26. V S Varadarajan, Robert Steinberg, 1922-2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (50) (2014), 17689.
  27. V S Varadarajan, Robert Steinberg (1922-2014): In Memoriam, Pacific Journal of Mathematics 279 (1-2) (2015), 3-9.
  28. 1985 Steele Prizes Awarded at Summer Meeting in Laramie, Notices of the American Mathematical Society 32 (5) (1985), 575-579.

Additional Resources (show)


Honours (show)

Honours awarded to Robert Steinberg

  1. The Leroy P Steele Prize of the AMS 1985

Cross-references (show)


Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update October 2026